https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-myer daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8d4bf046-b159-4aac-842f-e4b1290a8aa6/1909-07-27_Orville+Wright+and+Lieutenant+Lahm+of+the+United+States+Signal+Corps..._LOC.jpg Fort Myer Orville Wright and Lieutenant Lahm of the United States Signal Corps making the world's record flight at Fort Myer, on July 27, 1909. (Harris & Ewing, Orville Wright and Lieutenant Lahm of the United States Signal Corps making the world's record flight at Fort Myer, on July 27--The aeroplane made fifty miles at a speed of about forty miles an hour [Fort Myer, Virginia, 1909] Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/97505201/) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6e8b185f-a3fb-489e-b81c-f60a0d374279/1909-07_Wright+flights%2C+Fort+Myer_LOC.jpg Fort Myer Wright flights at Fort Myer in July 1907. (Harris & Ewing, Wright Flights, Fort Myer, Va; July First Army Flights; Wilbur And Orville Wright, Charlie Taylor; Putting Plane On Launching Rail [Fort Myer, VA: (July) 1909], Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016863807/.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7158bd18-c6e0-4136-b95f-84bad489341e/1909+1940+between_US+Army+%282%29%2C+Ft+Myer_LOC.jpg Fort Myer Cavalry skills demonstration at Fort Myer, sometime between 1909 and 1940. (U.S. Army, Ft. Myer, Va. Fort Myer, Virginia: [between 1909 and 1940] Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016823085/.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bbe4db0d-b118-418f-bdc2-def74bb90435/1909+1940+between_US+Army%2C+Ft+Myer_LOC.jpg Fort Myer Troops in front of the Sheridan Avenue barracks, sometime between 1909 and 1940. (U.S. Army, Ft. Myer, Va. Fort Myer, Virginia: [between 1909 and 1940] Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016823082/.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2ad95165-1a39-411c-a96a-455a210e3ccf/1915+1923+between_Cavalry+horse+show+at+Fort+Myer_LOC.jpg Fort Myer Cavalry horse show at Fort Myer, sometime between 1915 and 1923. (Harris & Ewing, Cavalry horse show at Fort Myer, [Fort Myer, VA: (between 1915 and 1923)] Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016885194/.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/36453e9f-f5f9-4b03-873d-42bc5c98303b/1917_Fort+Myer+Officers+Training+Camp+%282%29_LOC.jpg Fort Myer Fort Myer Officers Training Camp, 1917. (Harris & Ewing, Fort Myer Officers Training Camp [Fort Myer, VA: 1917] Photograph, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016867851/.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b0656a47-25b2-432a-979a-65e13775c227/VA_Arlington+County_Fort+Myer_Bldg+01_0001.jpg Fort Myer Quarters 1 (201 Washington Avenue). 2021. Photo courtesy of Joint Base-Henderson Hall (Fort Myer). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c49e8bc9-3db9-4290-8316-baa0fd9e42fc/VA_Arlington+County_Fort+Myer_Bldg+05_0004.jpg Fort Myer Quarters 5 (114 Grant Avenue). 2021. Photo courtesy of Joint Base-Henderson Hall (Fort Myer). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f382e2be-b557-4861-b6aa-333f2c15fcad/DSC_0328.JPG Fort Myer Building 217 (202 Jackson Avenue). 2021. Photo by the nomination authors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5fb703b6-d035-4bb8-8c92-ea425a281db5/DSC_0333.JPG Fort Myer Building 233 (110 Forrest Circle). 2021. Photo by the nomination authors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/da9742d9-d687-4734-8c63-ffeae95eb773/DSC_0350.JPG Fort Myer Building 246 (402 Sheridan Avenue), one of the Sheridan Avenue barracks. 2021. Photo by the nomination authors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fbadda6d-7557-4605-9373-294ffaf73c54/DSC_0353.JPG Fort Myer Summerall Field memorial (foreground) and parade ground (background). 2021. Photo by the nomination authors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/70250aa7-2ca8-404f-bd1b-91316adb44c6/DSC_0513.JPG Fort Myer Jackson Avenue. 2021. Photo by the nomination authors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/67582c12-c80e-4f6c-a17d-52905a60c8d1/VA_Arlington+County_Fort+Myer_Bldg+042_0003.jpg Fort Myer Building 42 (114 Washington Avenue), oldest extant building within the historic district. 2021. Photo courtesy of Joint Base-Henderson Hall (Fort Myer). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6daeb764-c8ce-4379-8f15-99d1c356b396/VA_Arlington+County_Fort+Myer_Bldg+059_0001.jpg Fort Myer Building 59 (204 Lee Avenue). 2021. Photo courtesy of Joint Base-Henderson Hall (Fort Myer). https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-marcy daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d815a015-189f-4526-a36d-5c4c6b684de1/2.jpg Fort Marcy “Washington, D.C. Chain Bridge Over the Potomac; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in Foreground,” William Morris Smith, 1865. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Accessed: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpb.04112 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0b3499c7-736a-4e90-9466-34db322b9059/3.jpg Fort Marcy Map showing Fort Marcy in relation to Forts Sumner and Ethan Allen and support batteries and outworks, all show in pink, from “Map of the environs of Washington: compiled from Boschke's map of the District of Columbia and from surveys of the U.S. Coast Survey" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a128154b-296c-4baa-8db6-6a032cc54ce6/0.jpg Fort Marcy Barnard’s engineering drawing of Fort Marcy showing plan and sections. Image from Mr. Lincoln’s Forts, Benjamin Franklin Cooling and Wallace Owen, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7bbe7150-f9f4-4540-be09-08b32d00f13c/5.jpg Fort Marcy Photograph of Fort Marcy. Image from Mr. Lincoln’s Forts, Benjamin Franklin Cooling and Wallace Owen, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0ee3ecd9-fcdd-4c74-a6c5-133930e40eb7/6.jpg Fort Marcy Plan for Fort Marcy showing buildings. Image from Mr. Lincoln’s Forts, Benjamin Franklin Cooling and Wallace Owen, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5497e9e9-9126-4113-958d-b50601045093/7.jpg Fort Marcy Photograph of Fort Marcy. Image from Mr. Lincoln’s Forts, Benjamin Franklin Cooling and Wallace Owen, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/796e390e-7290-4087-8039-db322158d1be/8.jpg Fort Marcy An undated lithograph showing a view of Fort Marcy from the soldiers camp. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6f1596e5-023c-42f8-918c-7f15deecee2f/9.jpg Fort Marcy Site plan for Fort Marcy park, showing access road, parking lot and clearance areas. 1960, National Park Service, George Washington Memorial Parkway. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e442375c-9c6d-4585-baee-a2acdd2e9956/10.jpg Fort Marcy Support Battery, photo taken by author in December 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/04dcea6a-4c42-4633-93da-a7bd1edbf5da/11.jpg Fort Marcy Main Fort, photo taken by author, December 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/da9cad37-d599-4983-b5ff-9ca7ae4764e8/12.jpg Fort Marcy Main Fort, showing portion demolished at unknown date, photo taken by author, December 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d09f1135-4148-4b8f-8acd-653d25d24710/13.jpg Fort Marcy Main Fort, showing social trail over embrasure, photo taken by author, December 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9771f498-ff36-483f-b29d-851fbe8931d5/0a.jpg Fort Marcy Drawing of Fort Marcy. Image from Mr. Lincoln’s Forts, Benjamin Franklin Cooling and Wallace Owen, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6e762750-1347-469b-aee5-88c9f12f5a9a/14.jpg Fort Marcy Main Fort, erosion of parapet, photo taken by author, December 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/11075139-27c2-433a-a2e2-3896e16c9221/15.jpg Fort Marcy Canon at Fort Marcy, photo taken by author, December 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8928969d-8d29-455e-a187-ce68e6263243/16.jpg Fort Marcy NPS signs at Fort Marcy, photo taken by author, December 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/92030e53-b0e6-47ef-b119-5777e517c786/17.jpg Fort Marcy NPS sign at Fort Marcy, photo taken by author, December 2014 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/lincoln-memorial daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/57d56e5a-4516-4bad-8794-c9f238c445f8/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_009.jpg Lincoln Memorial 1882 Map of Washington and Georgetown Harbors showing visible accumulation of sediment below the Long Bridge. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/682f7414-f443-40c5-b3aa-5e68d62cec52/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_012.jpg Lincoln Memorial The 1901/1902 McMillan Plan was the basis for the eventual design of the Lincoln Memorial and its associated grounds, establishing the placement of the memorial structure along the Potomac River shoreline and delineating distinct areas within the landscape. (Excerpt from Moore 1902) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/504da17f-27cc-44e4-9563-c4466acbe916/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_014.jpg Lincoln Memorial The McMillan Plan proposed a memorial temple structure that would be elevated on a rond point, at the west end of the proposed site. (Moore 1902: Plate 49) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/52d25034-5acf-452d-b947-9c268cfccda6/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_015.jpg Lincoln Memorial Henry Bacon’s early design for the Lincoln Memorial included a colonnaded, open-air structure built around a memorial statue and elevated above a large water feature. (National Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c8d1371e-a6a5-4935-9467-f559577e71ea/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_016.jpg Lincoln Memorial One of John Russell Pope’s designs for the memorial presented a large colonnaded exedra, with memorial statues in front. This design was the closest in concept to Henry Bacon’s design for the structure and landscape. (National Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1182c75b-5f0f-4cf3-bfa2-e2b4c0bb4fb9/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_018.jpg Lincoln Memorial John Russell Pope’s third conceptual design proposed a ziggurat structure, foregrounded by a water feature. (National Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f3fdb384-1efc-414c-b15b-c5d80ea67f4c/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_020.jpg Lincoln Memorial Floor plan for the Lincoln Memorial structure as of 1915. (Bacon 1915) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2f2d7a3c-0168-4a41-9f26-59cfd37bdcaf/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_021.jpg Lincoln Memorial East elevation drawing for the Lincoln Memorial structure, as of 1915. (Bacon 1915) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3b189a28-6de1-4823-b686-58e069b0d379/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_025.jpg Lincoln Memorial Laying of the cornerstone on February 12, 1915. (Harris & Ewing Collection, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/22d9abf7-4152-42ad-b92c-84e0bb4f96ab/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_026.jpg Lincoln Memorial Lincoln Memorial structure under construction, c. 1916. (Harris & Ewing Collection, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2a04bccc-9cd3-4fac-a3c1-25c9072bef2e/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_028.jpg Lincoln Memorial The structure and landscape as of 1921. Note the temporary war buildings in the northeast section of the contextual landscape, north of the Reflecting Pool allée. (National Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/13e01865-e50b-481e-9a91-efb2e1cd0497/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_030.jpg Lincoln Memorial Aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial cultural landscape as of the dedication ceremony on May 30, 1922. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e3de9604-2f1e-48c4-95b2-88ba05658509/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_033.jpg Lincoln Memorial 1934 view of the site. The storage tunnel is in place northeast of the Watergate Steps. (War Department, Army Air Forces 1934) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9e3c183f-2713-4772-a969-7f9f0dac8ff5/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_035.jpg Lincoln Memorial On April 9, 1939, Marian Anderson performed a concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from performing in the DAR’s Constitution Hall. She drew a crowd estimated at 75,000 people. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/4fd971bc-d9ee-42ad-bad1-bf87282dcbea/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_036.jpg Lincoln Memorial As Marian Anderson’s concert had done, the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took advantage of the Lincoln Memorial’s structure and site design to convene a rally for an estimated 300,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous “I Have A Dream” speech at this event. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1884dbab-f2be-4799-9fa8-4f55dc6dedbc/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_040.jpg Lincoln Memorial In 1968, the Resurrection City camp was located on the lawns south of the Reflecting Pool and its southern allée. Aerial view from Lincoln Memorial Circle, looking west toward the Washington Monument. (O’Halloran 1968) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/91438c06-4af6-4db6-9a46-a4fe5d2b9099/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_046.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to east of the Washington Monument and U.S. Capitol showing the axiality of the Reflecting Pool area, expressed by the east-west footprint of the pool and the primary allées that line the pool. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c7b47738-0fd8-4c72-b618-25c65cd348f4/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_049.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to east showing the axial spatial organization of the Reflecting Pool area via the primary allées that line the pool. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f90e6de6-aacc-40bf-a924-f91600682439/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_052.jpg Lincoln Memorial An example of the topographic edge conditions of the cultural landscape (seen here at the Belvedere), featuring a slight slope terminated by seawalls or other retaining walls. View to the north along Parkway Drive SW of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge overpass (background). (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3ee42eba-618b-4e83-8498-2cff814126d7/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_054.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to the northeast of the terraced topography of the Reflecting Pool’s west end. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1d7dda01-fbce-4d3d-800f-6757b81fbd65/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_055.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to the southeast of the Watergate Steps area’s steep topography, sloping down to the Potomac River. Note the Watergate Steps and the surrounding steeply sloped planting beds and retaining walls. (Lester 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c4ea2129-70b0-4a10-9083-d7ab473226ef/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_066.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to the southwest of the plantings at the front of the Lincoln Memorial. These are mostly groomed boxwoods and yews. (Lester 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1afae38b-8747-47d7-9e9f-27fb29c4fbbb/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_069.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to the southwest of the plantings around the Ericsson Memorial. The planting beds around the memorial presently contain Mountain Witch Hazel (Fothergilla major) but would have featured a variety of yews and mugo pine. Beyond the memorial, Ohio Drive SW contains riparian plantings of elm, cherry, and weeping willow. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5f50500d-3a8f-4405-b0ae-d8f5b386a75e/20220225_NAMA_LincolnMemorialCLI_070.jpg Lincoln Memorial View to south of the elm allées along 23rd Street SW. Note the three linear rows of elms. (Torkelson 2021) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/maryland-avenue-ne daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c882c72a-85bb-4468-905c-d481cae64008/9_Early+photographic+view+of+Washington%2C+DC.jpg Maryland Avenue NE Early photographic view of Washington, D.C. from the Capitol, looking northeast circa 1863. An unpaved Maryland Avenue NE is visible at the center of the photograph, extending from foreground to background. This photograph has been altered to slightly colorize the approximate extents of Maryland Avenue NE in the image. (“Early Photographic View” n.d., Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5cb9c7d5-5d78-479c-81b8-b6d8f948d9c3/13_Maryland+Ave+at+12th+and+F+Streets.jpg Maryland Avenue NE Maryland Avenue NE at 12th and F Streets, looking southwest towards Capitol, taken between [1915] and 1932 (National Photo Company n.d., Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d551b016-0616-4c47-9a3e-8d324efa356b/16_Reservation+207%2C+1927.jpg Maryland Avenue NE Reservation 207, as seen in 1927 survey conducted by the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. (Reservation 207, Reservation Files, National Capital Area) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6a18eabe-693e-404d-b3d7-018e2eb52239/29_Reservation+208%2C+2019.JPG Maryland Avenue NE Existing conditions at Reservation 208, 2019 (Photo by the author) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ec7bd6cc-ca39-456c-b14f-480f13a39ab8/30_Reservation+209%2C+2019.jpg Maryland Avenue NE Existing conditions at Reservation 209, 2019 (Photo by the author) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/4dca4193-8de8-406a-bd7d-5fd5afbb7a49/31_Reservation+210%2C+2019.JPG Maryland Avenue NE Existing conditions at Reservation 210, 2019 (Photo by the author) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/rock-creek-park-golf-course daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/296a0bf5-3827-4ab0-81ae-a13b9bf2ebd0/1948ROCRgolf.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1948 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9973204d-228d-4ab5-91f2-1db013579df2/GCS1958.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1958 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1c24ee5e-2d89-4439-87d4-39c89b1ad0dc/GCS1968.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1968 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083121892-M5E1H7PF4H2G4JGZ5YGX/GCS1978.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1978 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083151318-VPUUW2ZIXAIESLR6VD9H/GCS1988.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1988 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bb531486-ae8a-4a81-9da6-f863fb4d0d28/GCS1995.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 1995 aerial view https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3a2d3496-46ac-4f48-85cf-a8148c22dff9/Photo+Jun+02%2C+7+14+52+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/4bf0f711-9d76-45ca-b8f3-1f8911161230/Photo+Jun+01%2C+6+08+46+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/787c3a82-19e7-4b96-8079-8c928be3bc72/Photo+Jun+01%2C+6+55+24+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3d36b509-915f-4165-9680-833dd7db7b52/Photo+Jun+01%2C+6+58+16+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/33feab09-4de4-4d5b-8575-44a945dfd9ee/Photo+Jun+01%2C+8+33+55+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/69f5d4a0-1b7f-41c6-bb0f-75d4e562b404/Photo+Jun+01%2C+8+44+21+AM.jpg Rock Creek Park Golf Course 2016 conditions. Photo by Shannon Garrison. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/virginia-avenue-nw daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/30bfcdde-3933-4328-b136-e013f1adeec9/4.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Plan for the City Intended for the Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States, showing Virginia Avenue NW with open spaces highlighted. Pierre Charles L’Enfant; US Coast and Geodetic Survey and United States Commissioner of Public Buildings, 1791. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/00ada5e3-3211-4645-9c19-71afbcad60d1/6.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Map of Washington City, District of Columbia. Albert Boschke, 1857. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d5ade93a-aab5-4d98-97f1-50bc6ac8c870/7.jpg Virginia Avenue NW City of Washington Statistical Map Showing Street Pavements. F.V. Greene and William T.O. Bruff, 1880. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e884b527-cdd9-43aa-be4b-f3f55e280c4c/8.jpg Virginia Avenue NW City of Washington Statistical Map Showing Shade Trees. Virginia Avenue NW is lined with poplar trees. F.V. Greene and William T.O. Bruff, 1880. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3d8be01b-aca6-4210-9eab-e012f3ff5f69/9.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Map of the City of Washington Showing the Public Reservations Under Control of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds. Virginia Avenue Reservations highlighted. William Forsyth, A.F. Rockwell, 1884. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0ec9c672-b629-41b7-8433-47c1e2f40adb/10.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Aerial view of Virginia Avenue from Washington Monument, 1890 (Gelman Library, GWU). The photograph likely dates to 1894 or 1895 as the Burnes Cottage is no longer in the photograph with a known removal date of 1894. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2200821a-4c42-464c-b0d9-b160c9692f62/11.jpg Virginia Avenue NW 1901-1902 artistic rendering of McMillan Plan model, from Worthy of a Nation: Washington, DC from L’Enfant to the Capital Planning Commission, Frederick Guttheim and Antoinette Lee, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6142bf80-8d22-48a1-8a41-c13d741d64b6/14.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Undated photo, taken circa 1912, showing Virginia Avenue NW. Photo taken from Washington Monument. Detroit Publishing House. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/248da33c-6a06-4d9b-97ac-eb8f512a022b/16.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Photo from OPBG survey, showing reservation no. 98, a small park at the intersection of Virginia Avenue, 25th and G Streets NW. 1927. The gas works are visible to the west. NPS Land Files. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/854ea503-2879-498f-8697-cfcf52e651b5/17.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Reservation 383 (Bolivar), photographed in 1938. NPS Historic Negative Collection. Image from Department of Interior National Register Nomination. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f73be85e-182a-4a5c-8e83-e1640fcbf1a4/SmallScale4.JPG Virginia Avenue NW Seating designed for Bolivar Park. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a3f31760-b9fb-4db5-8f32-7d78654b43a4/SmallScale5.JPG Virginia Avenue NW One of the six statues of Latin American revolutionaries, honoring Simon Bolivar and located at Reservation 383 (Bolivar). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ed967e23-fcc3-4015-854e-faa0b5b65272/SmallScale6.JPG Virginia Avenue NW Seating designed for San Martin Plaza. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ed12abe6-c736-4020-ad7b-95b25d6e23b2/SmallScale7.JPG Virginia Avenue NW One of the six statues of Latin American revolutionaries, honoring Jose de San Martin and located at Reservation 106 (San Martin). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/33ccff71-d8f8-4661-9a4f-651f713b8191/SmallScale8.JPG Virginia Avenue NW George Patton’s lampposts at Federal Reserve Annex. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/05c9f763-9007-410d-8286-6d164d5781b1/Vegetation1.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Mass plantings of grasses at Reservation 378 (Federal Reserve Annex). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a4c1ca37-7169-49e1-b330-f8ab5d250574/WaterFeature1.JPG Virginia Avenue NW Robert Latham Owen Fountain at Reservation 378 (Federal Reserve Annex) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ee462863-40ac-495d-9999-b8b2369ecc47/WaterFeature2.jpg Virginia Avenue NW Bolivar pool at Reservation 383 (Bolivar, right). https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/anacostia-park daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2b5e76e5-9cf5-4df3-bb1a-800f18df7987/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure8.jpg Anacostia Park Excerpt from Historical map of the city of Washington, District of Columbia: view of the city & location of the houses in the year 1801-02: the beginning of Washington. The land that would become Anacostia Park included portions of the east and west banks of the Eastern Branch or Anacostia River. The area west of the city remained sparsely populated at the turn of the 18th century, consisting largely of wooded areas and large open fields. (Harmon 1931, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/779de5f9-12ed-496f-a5be-707cd9875266/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure10a.jpg Anacostia Park This 1839 watercolor painting by artist Augustus Kollner shows what conditions were like along the Eastern Branch (or Anacostia River) in the first half of the 19th century. The image is looking towards the east bank of the Anacostia River, towards the cultural landscape. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d278d7bb-da21-42e4-beda-9f128a62b006/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure10b.jpg Anacostia Park George Cooke’s 1833 painting shows the cultural landscape in the foreground, with the Anacostia River, the Navy Yard, and Capitol in the background. (“City of Washington from beyond the Navy Yard / painted by G. Cooke; engraved by W.J. Bennett. Popular Graphic Arts Collection, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/089a3262-d541-435a-b33b-bc7a37d313b9/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure13.jpg Anacostia Park Excerpt from 1882 U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey entitled “Washington and Georgetown harbors, District of Columbia.” Note the development of Barry Farm near Poplar Point, the Alexandria Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the construction of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad bridge (present-day CSX Railroad bridge) near Barney Circle. Note also the depths of the Anacostia flats at no more than 5½ feet. (Hildegard, J.E., et al., U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3e5f79ff-6f5b-4b74-b133-a74a6b3b3358/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure14.jpg Anacostia Park The approximate boundaries of present-day Anacostia Park are overlaid in yellow on an 1884 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers map of the Anacostia River. Compare the existing shoreline in white with the present-day shoreline in yellow. Much of Anacostia Park had yet to be reclaimed as usable land. (Map excerpt from Louis Berger 2016: 52). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c9484bc7-c787-4222-b34d-c39f1dcb3732/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure17.jpg Anacostia Park Proposed dredging and filling plan of the Anacostia River, developed by Lieutenant Colonel Peter C. Hains of the USACE. Annotations in red were drawn by the USACE in 1891 and indicate planned reclamation efforts south of the 11th Street SE bridge. Annotations in yellow are the approximate boundaries of the cultural landscape from the 2016 Louis Berger Archeological Assessment. While much of the cultural landscape would be created from reclaimed land, significant portions of it were also extant prior to dredging. (Hains 1891; Louis Berger 2016). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dde98767-a1ea-4177-9263-229cf7ddd3ee/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure21.jpg Anacostia Park OPBG landscape architects Irving W. Payne and Thomas C Jeffers designed the first plans for Anacostia Park in Section D of the cultural landscape. Their design includes a central field house, Anacostia River Drive, an earthen amphitheater, various playing fields, a pool, and a grandstand. Note the southern portion of Section D, south of the field house and north of the railroad tracks had not yet been acquired for park purposes. (Payne and Jeffers 1924) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9c2d1a39-5565-40e6-b488-8a875b8863fc/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure24.jpg Anacostia Park View of the Anacostia Field House, as built by 1931 and seen from the southwest, looking northeast. It was the first recreational building constructed in the cultural landscape. Construction began in 1925 and was completed by the time this photo was taken in 1931. Later alterations would change the appearance of the field house. (CHS 09985, General Photograph Collection, Historical Society of Washington, D.C.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/16cc5bd1-8c4e-423c-b54d-31565c808fee/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure35.jpg Anacostia Park The earliest Bonus Army structures built in Section C of the cultural landscape were located on the southern end of the cultural landscape, adjacent to the existing tree nurseries and a small rise near the adjoining neighborhoods that residents used as a dump. The first structure, a bunkhouse located at the right side of the photo, was built with lumber and tar-paper provided by Police Chief Glassford. Using found materials, veterans continued to expand the camp. (Underwood and Underwood, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C., 1932a) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/aa4b0831-dc29-460a-9e56-36df1980a4b3/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure50.jpg Anacostia Park The Anacostia Pool, opened in 1937, was exclusively used by white patrons prior to 1949 (full desegregation of public pools in the District would not be final until 1954). (Evening Star, June 11, 1939: C5) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/733e478d-24eb-4b26-b71c-fa02d6ab669d/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure51a.jpg Anacostia Park In 1949, Black youth attempted to gain access to the de-facto segregated Anacostia Pool and were met with racial violence. (D.C. Historic Preservation Office, “Civil Rights Tour: Recreation - Anacostia Pool, Swimming for All,” D.C. Historic Sites, accessed April 10, 2020, https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/914) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8d32851d-69d2-482b-90d3-3b2dbfdb4ca2/20210406_ANAC_AnacostiaParkCLI_Figure53.jpg Anacostia Park View to the northeast from Section C with the 11th Street SE bridge at left. This 1964 photograph shows the significant changes made to the cultural landscape in Sections C and D caused by construction of the Anacostia Freeway. (Stewart Brothers, “Anacostia Freeway – 11th Street Interchange,” District Department of Transportation Historic Collections) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/mission-background daily 0.75 2024-07-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/28ebc83c-42cb-4ed2-a052-cedf49cc7f37/DSC_0232.jpg Mission + Background - Mission The Urban Heritage Project’s cultural landscape work addresses issues at the intersection of built heritage, cultural landscape, and societal change through multi-disciplinary research and practice. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7ff8e2e0-cdc3-429f-a808-ea734e608121/20190709_105902.jpg Mission + Background - Background The Urban Heritage Project is an initiative of the Department of Historic Preservation/PennPraxis at the University of Pennsylvania’s Stuart Weitzman School of Design. Since 2012, a team of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania has been leading documentation projects for cultural landscapes, on behalf of the National Park Service and other partners. In spring 2012, an interdisciplinary Weitzman School studio taught by Randy Mason participated in the Parks for the People design competition, a collaboration between the National Park Service and the Van Alen Institute. The competition invited student and faculty teams from around the country to reimagine America's most spectacular public places—its national parks. Using design as a catalyst, teams were encouraged to creatively rethink their site's connections to people and their role as revered natural, social, and cultural destinations. The team from Penn was one of nine finalists, honored for its competition entry that reimagined the historic cultural landscapes of the Civil War Defenses of Washington in Washington, D.C. In the 10+ years since that competition, we have continued to work with NPS and other public-sector and NGO clients to document, interpret, and create plans for public landscapes. Our purpose is always to understand deeply the evolution of these historic landscapes and to connect them to the lives, needs, and desires of contemporary communities. Adapting cultural-landscape and preservation-planning models, we regard our work as research that explores new, more engaged modes of cultural landscape preservation and design practice. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/home daily 1.0 2024-05-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e2b283cb-0b7c-40e2-bd50-68c3bce21aa8/LincolnMemorial_CLI_Update.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/17cf1165-3ed8-49d5-a0b7-df2b08043837/Great+Falls+NHL+Historic+District+Resource+Inventory+and+Integrity+Evaluation+Report_Final+compressed+10.26.17.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6d424cd6-3e79-461e-93bb-07541a5cfb3f/LangstonGolfCourse_CLI_Update.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/da98d7e5-ffd5-4934-9cab-21a99e27ea00/Cover_Anacostia.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cfd4526f-5f92-4160-8528-fc053ba836a5/DSC_0535.JPG Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/810486e3-ddc7-41a2-828f-2f2d71c26685/DSC_0625.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/701bff84-4172-4dc3-8522-13e7f269441b/IMG_6316.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dfe1e19c-2cfa-49c1-aa35-d5aac92160e9/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_1.17+%281%29.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/86fd1cc7-593d-4bca-a489-4587af90d025/Report+cover.png Home https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/great-falls daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c00946e7-8d6b-434b-876c-dc077bb09f68/11_04.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) S.U.M. Gatehouse, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ca199e0d-90c1-42e5-89e3-3eff3f3852a3/10_08.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) S.U.M. Upper Raceway, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/270aeda7-4404-46f9-b10c-5a44180e812d/09_09.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Ivanhoe Wheelhouse. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/4ad54c62-f23a-4a8b-b258-9794c6abab5e/06_18.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Rogers Locomotive Company Frame Fitting Shop and Administrative Building, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7692cad0-c0ab-4e1b-aab7-7a0d3405950f/05_01.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Rogers Locomotive Company Millwright Shop, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cbaaf69f-480f-4204-b75d-334a2c6c8bec/03_02.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Dolphin Jute Mill Complex, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b294c437-77e4-486d-8d62-3970eb6d95e2/08_02.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Rogers Locomotive Company Erecting Shop, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/436fd749-aa18-4bcd-999a-80b017d0a061/14_02.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Great Falls Arch Bridge, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9f8b6fb7-4035-48ff-9e2c-6e8514557c99/27_02.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) S.U.M. Passaic Street Bridge, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/25a0b649-a721-4665-af08-416b34657805/31_04.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Essex Mill, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/14738fb0-6275-4e07-94e2-eddfe2ee3ece/Picture7.jpg Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) S.U.M. Middle Raceway, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/061b51b6-3ec5-49c8-9819-4daa32392fe3/36_15.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Raceway footbridges, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c932619d-4a5d-4f87-9a94-5160f89c68fd/07_04.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Rogers Locomotive Storage Building, on the S.U.M. Upper Raceway's tailrace. Photo by the nomination author, 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fcd5d4a8-ba92-4563-b47c-88298760b322/49_02.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Remains of 1876 Steam and Boiler Plant, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9ad01c10-a17c-4f14-89a9-a3f08cd37afb/ADD13_01.JPG Great Falls S.U.M. (Paterson, NJ) Daniel Thompson and John Ryle Houses, 2017. Photo by the nomination author. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-derussy daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f36abaf5-4321-4e88-8437-bb143e2eb929/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_26_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1861 Boschke's map of Washington, DC showing future site of Fort DeRussy. The land owned by B. Swarts is not listed on this map (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/50327601-f209-4733-99a0-4b6e53b20026/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_27_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1862 Topographic Map of Washington, DC showing land owned by Swarts. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/db19e34b-6c93-445f-adea-06d61fbc9836/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_33_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1866 Engineer Drawing of Fort DeRussy (National Archives, as printed in Mr. Lincoln's Forts) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0fe97c7d-664d-43b8-870b-181bb6dd6351/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_34_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy Undated Civil War soldier's drawing of temporary camps around Fort DeRussy (National Archives, as printed in Mr. Lincoln's Forts) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/568eca76-905d-468d-a43a-c62354c6c9d8/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_35_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy Barnard's 1867 map of Civil War fortifications, showing relationship between Fort Kearney, Fort DeRussy, and Fort Stevens. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/adfd9077-102a-44d4-928f-6f839a458a4c/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_41_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1866 map of future site of Rock Creek Park, as surveyed by Major Nathaniel Michler, showing Fort DeRussy, Battery Smead and Battery Kingsbury. The area around all three earthworks was cleared of dense forest during the Civil War. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dd34456f-36ab-4775-97f0-7e7e41589ce4/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_47_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1982 photo of Fort DeRussy earthworks showing mature tree growth and leaf cover. (Vegetative Threats to Historic Sites and Structures 1983: 73) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a87c43f9-42a5-4b1a-bbcd-8ea6abcc573a/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_57_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1916 Survey of Rock Creek Park (Rock Creek Park Historic Trails Cultural Landscape Report) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/19f82191-7cb1-428a-ac51-2d982c686350/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_58_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 1933 National Park Service Map of Trails (Rock Creek Park Historic Trails Cultural Landscape Report) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1c10d5cf-9d83-4650-9a37-2af1258b78bc/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_59_Image_0002.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 photo for paved hiking path leading to Milkhouse Ford Road https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0b604032-22d2-4377-86b5-388131caf9e6/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_60_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 photo of dirt hiking trail leading to Fort DeRussy earthworks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8772f383-3e48-4e87-9b45-0714fb409fd5/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_62_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2013 photo showing mature tree growth along northern face of Fort DeRussy earthworks and in surrounding ditch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6b2a5108-386b-4c4d-98ff-d4bff4e57b36/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_63_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2013 trees on north face of Fort DeRussy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f0f5c3ba-6748-4222-8192-4f375c2b9120/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_64_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 successional forest of oak, beech, and tulip trees that have grown up around the fort since the end of the Civil War https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f3d80740-19b3-4f96-b9ac-f422b65978f1/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_68_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 north face earthwork with social trail https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/088de385-0cc7-44d2-806e-10c94384b741/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_69_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 photo showing collapsed magazine with a social trail running through it https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b2de62bc-ba5d-48de-b08a-eecdd3e305a6/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_70_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 photo of commemorative plaque and boulder placed at Fort DeRussy by the National Park Service https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ca146192-e23c-4efb-bff1-5aa5e46a36d0/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_73_Image_0001.jpg Fort DeRussy 2014 interpretive signage near Oregon Avenue https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/people daily 0.75 2025-01-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1631898146323-F669QDZ1SQ30U3B6XLEX/Mason_BDoherty.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1631898222814-HEXRTBV3BDC6FHY9H1Z1/Lester_headshot+cropped+b-w.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1631898344573-W8XB7LM7I4KV26U6X5ZK/TorkelsonJacobedited.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640045294735-VFCIWY1K1JRB39HR2OZX/PEN-180921+%28Staff+Headshot+Retouching%29_24.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cdb00b3a-8366-469a-933f-58a83e8bd639/MFrisbie.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7792329f-2db4-46ac-b188-cdcad4471032/Untitled.png People https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-dupont daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e0275cb5-ca42-43f7-808c-e68103763fc9/Picture1.jpg Fort Dupont 1861: Boschke map of the District of Columbia, with future hilltop site of Fort Dupont highlighted. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e40fa758-a958-4a68-8900-4214bf25f06b/Picture2.jpg Fort Dupont Comparison of the 1861 Boschke map (left) with the 1861 Lines of Defense map (right), developed by Major General John G. Barnard. Barnard’s map of the fortifications around Washington used Boschke’s survey as a base map, superimposing the location of the hastily-built forts on the existing map. (Boschke map, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; Lines of Defense map, Historic Map Works Rare Historic Maps Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9bc64e57-a4d0-4ad5-beb9-596c08d112da/Picture3.jpg Fort Dupont Engineer drawing of Fort Dupont (National Archives, as printed in Mr. Lincoln’s Forts) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/139ecb80-aa40-4e42-b5eb-f3ef3e4f9028/Picture4.jpg Fort Dupont 1888 map of the site, indicating presence of Caton/Brown house (at center of driveway) and intact earthworks (north of the house). (NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0602f933-0742-4e31-b703-286492c3659b/Picture5.jpg Fort Dupont 1903 Baist map of the site (owned by Sophia H. Brown at the time the map was surveyed), which indicates the continued presence of the Caton house on the site, as well as several smaller frame structures north and east of the house (in the vicinity of the earthworks, which—as natural features—were not mapped by the surveyors). (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f98aef1d-2660-4700-939b-a85be6635d98/Picture6.jpg Fort Dupont Fort Dupont entrance in 1932 (top) and today (bottom left and right). The taller walls along Alabama Avenue in 1932 (top) are no longer standing today (bottom left). The shorter walls that edge the bridge over the swale (center of top photograph; bottom right) were rebuilt in the early 1950s when the bridge was replaced. (Top: Office of Motion Pictures, United States Department of Agriculture; Bottom: M. Lester, 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/34d93249-93ae-49b9-9fb7-bf2183c22cc4/Picture7.jpg Fort Dupont Map and aerial photographs showing the changes in circulation features from 1919 (left) to 1988 (center) and 1999 (right). This includes changes in the footpaths and in the fort loop driveway. The secondary loop in the driveway, which in 1919 diverted around the Caton/Brown house and in 1988 around a cleared area where the house formerly stood, lasted into the 1990s. By 1999, a parking area was inserted west of the earthworks and the secondary loop of the driveway was removed. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; United States Geological Survey, via Google Earth; District of Columbia GIS, via Google Earth) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0e7fb891-f8bb-4a27-84c4-c494dbc8b72d/Picture8.jpg Fort Dupont Current conditions of the fort loop driveway, including the entrance spur (left) and the exit spur (right). The two spurs meet at the park’s Alabama Avenue entrance. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dc0d60ac-61f6-4e47-a66c-75c76b465692/Picture9.jpg Fort Dupont Extant fragments of a cement path west of the earthworks. This circulation is consistent with aerial photographs from the end of the second period of significance (1901 to 1927) that show paths connecting the various auxiliary buildings and tree nursery portions of the site. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/00cc4e7a-7f2c-4b8a-a1f6-e7487758c390/Picture10.jpg Fort Dupont Maps from 1884 (left) and 1888 (right) of the hilltop where Fort Dupont’s earthworks were constructed. The clearcut vegetation pattern, particularly on the west side of the hill, is consistent with the army’s treatment of the fort sites around Washington. This allowed for clear views toward the other forts and the city center. (NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/84ef8547-5231-434e-99a4-dc7e03895487/Picture11.jpg Fort Dupont Existing vegetation conditions on the site, including the open grassy area (with specimen tree plantings) surrounding the earthworks (top) and the dense tree cover and growth covering the earthworks (bottom). (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0c1cbeb3-c3e3-422e-993d-eb8c82539b89/Picture12.jpg Fort Dupont These rows of specimen red cedar trees, located west of the earthworks, reflect the site’s temporary twentieth-century use as a tree nursery. They likely edged one of the auxiliary structures on the site. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7871b8ad-cb39-423e-8f4e-27c22388ae78/Picture13.jpg Fort Dupont View from east of the earthworks, looking west at the specimen tree plantings (which date to the twentieth century periods of significance, as the site was converted to public parkland), the fort loop driveway, and the earthworks in the background. (M. Lester 2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/57180e93-1ddb-4de0-aa11-689390239e96/Picture14.jpg Fort Dupont View of the west side of the earthworks from the parking area (top) and parapet walls within the earthworks (bottom). The trees on this side of the fort’s hexagonal perimeter were removed in recent decades to allow for a view of the earthworks from the parking and picnic areas. Without the buffer of tree roots, the soil on this side of the earthworks has eroded from the parapets at a faster rate than the other sides of the fort. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e1d0ec55-5099-464c-9111-006da5c53c0c/Picture15.jpg Fort Dupont The extant earthworks are still topographically legible. Features such as the parapet walls and surrounding ditches (top) and the collapsed magazine (bottom) are clearly visible, despite the presence of dense undergrowth and mature tree cover on much of the fort today. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/491bdb0c-a435-47a6-bc9a-ccc230513faf/Picture16.jpg Fort Dupont The picnic area (top) and comfort station (bottom) on the site today are non-contributing features that were installed in the 1950s, after the end of the second period of significance. They occupy the portion of the hilltop that is west of the earthworks and the fort loop driveway. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/00f9e3b6-5416-4e59-ab80-4d5ed6a0cfc9/Picture17.jpg Fort Dupont The existing views and vistas from Fort Dupont are obstructed by growth on the earthworks, including dense underbrush and mature trees. This disrupts any integrity of views from the fort, which originally looked towards the other defenses (to the north and south) and the city center (to the west). (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cfeb8832-f9e3-4692-a300-68faf39007a0/Picture18.jpg Fort Dupont The commemorative boulder and plaque along the western edge of the earthworks were placed at the site in 1955 by the National Society of Colonial Dames. It was installed to mark the history of the fort and the significance of the Defenses of Washington, but was presented after the end of the late period of significance and is therefore a non-contributing feature. (M. Lester 2012) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/langston-golf-course daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/53beec31-45e0-4f56-a260-21f484bc900d/1949_61989-1949_HistoricAerials.jpg Langston Golf Course 1949 aerial photograph of Langston Golf Course (located immediately west of the figure-8 shaped lake) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/62655476-a533-4481-8de8-7eafb0649852/1980_61994-1980_HistoricAerials.jpg Langston Golf Course 1980 aerial photograph of Langston Golf Course (located immediately west of the figure-8 shaped lake) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d375f332-7624-49dc-9bd0-489073ff58cc/NCRO_Photos_S01_B002_Anacostia_Park_Aerial_Views_1932-1937_614-AJ.jpg Langston Golf Course View across Langston Golf Course (along the banks of the water), looking west. Taken sometime between 1932 and 1937 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0b7a0c14-0254-481c-90d3-d6cf3357e574/NCRO_Photos_S01_B002_Anacostia_Park_Golf_Course_1954-1961_2754-S.jpg Langston Golf Course Langston Golf Course clubhouse, photographed sometime between 1954 and 1961 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/grant-circle daily 0.75 2023-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8c374da9-fe96-445f-9d41-69efa26d3f8a/956c08_5e4404e2a512494e96040b3efd745fb5_mv2_d_3532_2229_s_2.jpg Grant Circle Baist insurance map from 1903 showing the development of the Petworth neighborhood around Grant Circle. (Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3e1ae94e-32d3-4995-865d-d65381994505/956c08_54abdc7a715248c291212cc433aec741_mv2_d_5315_3677_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Baist insurance map from 1911 showing the development of the Petworth neighborhood around Grant Circle. (Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/eb2ca5c6-005f-4df3-b13d-9db69f1dee74/956c08_a410cb517bf64f5185d832231a6d7b77_mv2_d_5567_3781_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Baist insurance map from 1913 showing the development of the Petworth neighborhood around Grant Circle. (Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/db20ae12-e3e9-46fb-8a73-f9d5a9467f1b/956c08_620844178b9e4c0997b64790925e8f23_mv2_d_3162_1926_s_2.jpg Grant Circle 1920 planting plan for Reservation 312A. The same basic arrangement of trees and walks is still present and continues to define the cultural landscape. (Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d05e899a-d463-4a59-a841-683240c2d97c/956c08_6688f163a4404cee9d4506e6f4094d63_mv2_d_3164_2066_s_2.jpg Grant Circle Detail of 1990 Rehabilitation Plan for Grant Circle. (Library of Congress, Geography and Maps Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3d359051-9fa4-46ef-a970-a27988e5f415/956c08_9bfc8ac40c0944de8ec8fcc581566460_mv2_d_3264_2448_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle The historic Himalayan cedar, located at the center of Reservation 312. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/800702bd-4af2-4ef1-b85d-e8699ae1e894/956c08_948263e7bc5e4403ac96503a72b13abd_mv2_d_4000_3000_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Present circulation system at Grant Circle/Reservation 312, showing interior 10-foot wide circular sidewalk. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5a61e92f-3ca1-438a-b603-03f5a7870430/956c08_16d4cb1485c342c9a82f6285dd4ec017_mv2_d_1632_1224_s_2.jpg Grant Circle View from exterior of circle towards central Himalayan cedar. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/51beaba2-bb41-4623-822c-b687ef96f19e/956c08_5fa58d5075274505bc14a1c8065eca0d_mv2_d_4000_3000_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle The historic American elm at Reservation 312A. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c887ed25-2430-459a-a842-bedb161621c0/956c08_afd664d739984d77960b415e857224ca_mv2_d_2448_3264_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Curbing along interior of Grant Circle, Reservation 312. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5a1e5cd2-4897-44b6-bab9-cae7eb0e99c3/956c08_b9e482b9947f4949937d0a89c77595df_mv2_d_2448_3264_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Commemorative plaque at Grant Circle, Reservation 312. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/188aab7c-40d8-4cf7-870e-711cdde1f63f/956c08_faf7b3febfdc48bc8a290b307b0bd3b8_mv2_d_4000_3000_s_4_2.jpg Grant Circle Playground equipment at Reservation 312I. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-foote daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e4e277ae-30ef-421b-92f8-f7a9c7ae9eab/Fort+Foote_Page_032_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote 1861 Martenet map of Prince George’s County showing location of Rozier’s Bluff and the future site of Fort Foote. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cdbb1f13-d70d-46ea-b0f3-85ae2578c7cf/Fort+Foote_Page_035_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote 1865 Engineer Drawing of Fort Foote (National Archive, as printed in Mr. Lincoln’s Forts) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2e904b7d-8e17-421b-8bee-e526fd630cca/Fort+Foote_Page_036_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote Undated photograph of Fort Foote [possibly 19th century] (National Park Service Museum Resources Center) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/658c8da6-403a-4f9b-8a92-e9cbeeb8e8d3/Fort+Foote_Page_041_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote 1872 Map of Fort Foote showing post Civil War buildings and structures, circulation patterns and land use. (National Archives Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/48c37088-c31a-4a2d-a696-2fb965873edf/Fort+Foote_Page_042_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote 1872 Drawing of guardhouse at Fort Foote. (National Archives Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f166a90d-d9c9-4821-a8a5-c5241a29c957/Fort+Foote_Page_047_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote Undated photograph of scouting troop at Fort Foote, in front of Rodman cannon. Probably early 20th century. (National Capital Parks- East) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8cbc7428-0d45-4d0b-82da-984db8455a81/Fort+Foote_Page_057_Image_0001.jpg Fort Foote 1872 Map of Fort Foote showing spatial organization and circulation patterns dating to the first and second periods of significance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5064c51a-2c34-41fd-ad93-fc5e095ae407/6.jpg Fort Foote The parade ground. Much of the daily activity at Fort Foote took place around the parade ground during the first and second periods of significance (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/003e88c0-bcf2-44c6-af50-29ad19c56070/12.jpg Fort Foote Fort Foote’s sally port which remains the main entrance to the fort (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0a3a6ef1-a3ca-44e2-8994-5e0addb8247c/17.jpg Fort Foote Mature tree growth on magazines and bombproofs to the left and parapets to the right (2014 CLP/NCR) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c889017e-c12a-4051-977c-b9b4b5fc675d/4.jpg Fort Foote Meadow landscape on the former site of the Fort Foote garden (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bf2544d7-8902-4ffe-926d-55565cbfeb9c/8.jpg Fort Foote Ground cover and growth covering concrete magazine (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/21de1c77-7a88-47ed-89e3-b4a2eb646535/1.jpg Fort Foote South façade of Engineer’s Storehouse showing recent graffiti. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/91950390-9c8a-4ae3-b062-5dc64f1eaeaf/10.jpg Fort Foote Icehouse, located on the bluff south of the former wharf site (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f83daec9-2dda-4af0-9a19-eff8af5e77ec/9.jpg Fort Foote North Rodman canon, remounted in 1984. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5bba4178-34be-4caf-bb29-1552d908dd7b/16.jpg Fort Foote Empty gun emplacements (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/358c9ca6-2a21-42f9-995e-dc47f23da804/2.jpg Fort Foote Station and gravel road leading to F.A.A. transmitter (2014 CLP/NCR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7a274913-2c6d-493c-b127-dc0e5ba417ff/15.jpg Fort Foote View from north Rodman canon https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/past-projects daily 0.75 2023-03-27 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/recreational-landscapes daily 0.75 2024-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640043141565-N06QUUD6UILZDIAIQP1H/Anacostia+Park+CLI_Figure_40.jpg Recreational Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640043204931-L4NLYE7EE58TW6CNDG8N/Photo+Jun+01%2C+6+08+46+AM.jpg Recreational Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640043245652-0M7N8YMEOZGVEGU9LI3M/NCRO_Photos_S01_B019_East_Potomac_Park_Aerial_Views_1928-1980_1326-M.jpg Recreational Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640043310632-618KUUAL2AOVKKP2MKP5/1+Cover+Photo.JPG Recreational Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/701bff84-4172-4dc3-8522-13e7f269441b/IMG_6316.jpg Recreational Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/08d80842-3eda-4ac9-80d6-0a670b0ce24e/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.1+%281%29.jpg Recreational Landscapes https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-mahan daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/87bc1d8a-8ed1-4c4c-b1a0-a354e50cf8aa/Picture2.jpg Fort Mahan 1861: Boschke map of the District of Columbia, with future hilltop site of Fort Mahan highlighted. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9abc2250-ae4c-4415-a84b-8150fb6bf673/Picture3.jpg Fort Mahan Comparison of the 1861 Boschke map (left) with the 1861 Lines of Defense map (right), developed by Major General John G. Barnard. Barnard’s map of the fortifications around Washington used Boschke’s survey as a base map, superimposing the location of the hastily-built forts on the existing map. (Boschke map, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; Lines of Defense map, Historic Map Works Rare Historic Maps Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0a17d99d-bc57-4a25-844f-39189c47eb9e/Picture4.jpg Fort Mahan Engineer drawings of Fort Mahan: original (top) and reshaped (bottom), with three bastionets inserted in the perimeter. (National Archives, as printed in Mr. Lincoln’s Forts) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3f2c171e-c763-447a-a3e0-8fceb87abc57/Picture5.jpg Fort Mahan 1879 G. M. Hopkins map (top) and 1884 Lydecker and Greene map of the Manning property, showing structures concentrated on the hilltop and along Benning Road. Some or all of the structures on the hilltop likely date to the Civil War construction on the site, and the access road (from Anacostia Road, on the western boundary of the site) is consistent with the military access road from the war. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/03677f58-a5b2-4e4a-8ffe-ca3da9ed9af1/Picture6.jpg Fort Mahan 1888 topographical map, indicating traces of the fort’s outerworks (including the bastionets) on the hilltop. The crest of the hill featured limited vegetation at this point (consistent with the Civil War clearcutting of the site), with the exception of the domestic-scale agriculture between the outerworks and the house on the west side of the hilltop. Although the outerworks remained somewhat intact on the site at this point, there is no evidence of any other remaining Civil War-era structures. (NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e2cd470f-2831-48b6-a289-4ff7b3a62af3/Picture7.jpg Fort Mahan By 1903, the site was fully bound on its southern, western, and northern edges by roads and development, while the center of hill remained largely clear. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8970dbad-da72-4c1a-bdee-3654ba88fc3c/Picture8.jpg Fort Mahan The 1903 Baist map (top) is the last known indication of a house on the crest of the site. By the time the 1913 Baist map (bottom) was surveyed, the house was removed. Development on the periphery of the site continued to be concentrated along Benning Road, at the southeast corner of the hill. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6e5f0343-dca2-40c3-b6d8-887eaec425ad/Picture9.jpg Fort Mahan Images from the Civilian Conservation Corps’ 1935 narrative report, depicting (top-bottom): CCC workers “removing undesirable undergrowth and burning brush”; “a typical scene taken at Fort Mahan showing area after undesirable materials were removed”; and “view of pitted areas that exist at Fort Mahan.” The vantage of the bottom photograph is not specified, but it was likely taken from high on the hill’s western side, looking west toward the borrow pits and gullies on that portion of the former fort site. (National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/91ef2ebb-37fd-4515-aab0-4f5279095648/Picture10.jpg Fort Mahan 1927 aerial photographs of the site note the presence of footpaths around the site. The gravel road on the eastern half of the site was not yet in place, reinforcing the conjecture that it was installed six years later by the Civilian Conservation Corps. (National Archives, College Park, Maryland, Cartographic and Architectural Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/53806966-a6ff-4e62-938c-826be3d2da70/Picture11.jpg Fort Mahan Today, visitors can reach the hilltop at Fort Mahan via the gravel road on the eastern side of the site. Beginning at 42nd Street NE, the road intersects with one of the social trails on the site (top) and features a metal gate halfway up the slope (bottom). (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9380fbd6-d3c1-454e-bcef-939bd38b7862/Picture12.jpg Fort Mahan Extant social trails on Fort Mahan are both dirt trails (left, center) and paved (right). They include a circumferential hiker-biker trail around the hill, as well as several spurs that go up the hillsides from the wooded and grassy areas at the bottom of the site to the cleared area at the top. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bc6d288f-4049-4685-bdc7-29b502231cf7/Picture13.jpg Fort Mahan Fort Mahan’s current landscape is grassy around the periphery, particularly on the eastern and southern sides of the site (top), and at the crest of the hill (bottom). This cleared area on the hilltop is the likely location for the picnic area that the Civilian Conservation Corps installed on the site in the 1930s. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6db3db4a-73e2-4d8b-b78d-0db78d61a5a9/Picture14.jpg Fort Mahan The hillsides surrounding the crest are covered with a thick growth of mature trees and low brush. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ad73e23e-16fa-444a-8618-d5cba83fd17e/Picture15.jpg Fort Mahan The site features a few specimen plantings in cleared areas near points of access, including a Virginia pine near the CCC-era gravel road (left) and London plane, willow oak and catalpa trees near footpaths at the southeast corner of the site (right). (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9acdb172-a93c-4192-af62-7d0de9ca114f/Picture16.jpg Fort Mahan Fragments of the earthworks remain partially intact today, including the some of the original bastionets. Views from inside the bastionets, looking out. (M. Lester 2013) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b9ba3ae8-19c9-4ac9-a3c1-1f305d87f0e6/Picture17.jpg Fort Mahan The site’s original views toward the Benning Road bridge are obstructed today by growth and development on and around the hill. (M. Lester 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/42364847-77b4-461b-b4e5-80b817be245d/Picture18.jpg Fort Mahan Several of the extant small-scale features on the site correspond to the use of the hilltop as a football field. (This may date to or postdate the CCC years on the site.) These features include a set of football uprights (top) and a light pole (bottom) at the north end of the cleared crest. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/titanic-memorial-park daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b37f8f30-7cb9-4ce0-8b21-4f1bb9cdffeb/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_15.jpg Titanic Memorial Park By the 20th century, an electric streetcar line passed through the cultural landscape along Water Street SW and P Street SW, terminating in the car barn and powerhouse located at the corner of those two streets. The area also featured several wharfs and industrial businesses such as the Charles White & Co. foundry and the T. R. Riley lumber yard. By 1903/1904, residential development had increased and there were few vacant lots in the vicinity of the cultural landscape. The boundaries of the cultural landscape are shown with a black dashed line (Excerpts from Baist 1903; Sanborn 1904, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/146cf3f8-d534-4f22-8d0a-3957048b22bb/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_20.jpg Titanic Memorial Park Preliminary sketches by sculptor Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney were selected and approved for further development by the Commission of Fine Arts in 1913; however, Congressional approval of the Titanic Memorial would not come until 1917. Whitney’s design featured a semi-nude male figure on a pedestal with outstretched arms, recalling a cruciform. (Box 32, Folder 19, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Papers, American Archive of Art) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fe357894-bb85-4a6e-a447-9961b36740a9/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_31.jpg Titanic Memorial Park The 1925 Rivers and Harbors Act authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to prepare the first redevelopment plan for the southwest waterfront. The plan called for the elimination of existing wharfs and docks, in favor of uniformly oriented piers and level pierhead lines. The plan also called for the improvement of Water Street SW as a tree-lined boulevard with a median that separated a service street with streetcars from a waterfront boulevard. (Excerpts from “Proposed Development of Washington Channel Waterfront,” ETIC_WEPO_801_125486_[id27207], NCA, NPS) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1bb89bd6-dfa1-4a92-8c4f-1e3f983cbe8e/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_43.jpg Titanic Memorial Park The Titanic Memorial park cultural landscape was one of 7 parks proposed for the Southwest Urban Renewal Area Project C. Construction of park #6 began in 1967 and was the first of the new parks to be built. (Doc 04, Southwest Waterfront Park Files, National Capital Area, NPS). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/37364d48-1619-4165-8542-4984e21e768c/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_68.jpg Titanic Memorial Park Panorama of the cultural landscape looking to the southwest. The 1967-1968 Sasaki design created a series of raised concrete berms and recessed play areas (left), in addition to the flat topography of the cultural landscape throughout. The western edge of the park (right) consists of steep seawall. (Photo by CLI author, 2019) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/74ec7411-be7e-40e2-8b2a-d30376df00d2/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_75.jpg Titanic Memorial Park Examples of historic structures that were installed during the primary period of significance (1967-1968): (A) planting bed structures along the NW/SE walkways; (B) low knee walls flanking the seating areas along the O Street SW walkways; (C) concrete stairs, walls, and steps in the south play area; (D) the Titanic Memorial sculpture located at the southern end of the cultural landscape. (Photos by CLI author, 2020). https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/east-potomac-park-golf-course daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/871af8f9-5445-42dd-b6de-e06f7cb4c70d/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update4.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course 1882 Map of Washington and Georgetown Harbors showing visible accumulation of sediment below the Long Bridge. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c68b5e5d-195d-4991-9e30-93052f95a825/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course Undated photo, c. 1920, showing one of Walter Travis’ distinctly designed hazards. (“Textural Records,” 1920) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/facb349c-3c8f-4c0b-a314-4259865ab219/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update+2.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course A View of the Travis-designed Blue Course, wide open fairways and numerous hazards. (Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7b3fc1f3-56b3-4bd6-8fe9-a66d70322ce2/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update+4.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course 1936 View of East Potomac Park, after completion of all three golf courses. (Harris and Ewing 1936) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/708d4183-412c-46aa-b149-425842754862/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update+3.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course 1936 Flooding at East Potomac Park (Harris and Ewing 1936) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/16727239-c127-4a10-8eca-5ead1679b74e/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update+5.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course Construction of tennis courts and a model airplane landing pad, north of the fieldhouse, resulted in the loss of holes on the Red Course. (United States Geological Survey 1951) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9aa89bd8-3271-4e6c-bbe1-1c8dddf0ccac/1.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b73ada9f-b617-48cb-a06c-9fad17fb0ec1/2.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0122b538-5385-413d-8ead-f1f2fb9ba0f8/3.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ab07333e-9cbc-458b-80e1-c3dae5a63e06/7.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/69ff7105-a838-42c5-8fe7-3de91e9a066b/8.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/8254df72-060e-4893-b577-c578fef9cc86/9.jpg East Potomac Park Golf Course East Potomac Blue Course, Front 9 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/completed-reports daily 0.75 2024-05-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640113627372-2M01J1PMAFMPN8VKEZ4C/Pages+from+AnacostiaPark_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ae415be3-03da-4c82-98bf-ea28ca054bdd/RockCreekGolfCourse_CLI_Update+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c58e4420-fadf-419e-a363-49cd3ca88220/FortDupont_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/12c95561-2a1e-4346-b133-7f5547d5fdb7/FortMahan_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/aba3ddae-77a1-4e88-b070-56409e739432/PAAveSE_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/aa1fdcaf-7b53-45e7-9b24-50322bfa09b9/FortDeRussy_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/83dcc2e8-c9dd-41b9-8bac-eb684ca3aa4b/FortFoote_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/cae81527-935d-4f85-8f2f-7e266798d6a7/FortMarcy_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1ca9d31a-100d-41c4-b04f-3db0147e3723/FortBunkerHill_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/242a91f9-ef21-4a63-88bb-218d5874881f/FortChaplin_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0d9f9aea-857d-473e-a7a1-e2001892c03b/GrantCircle_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7556b46d-d8e8-4884-955c-5c3066508c94/LangstonGolfCourse_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1612a05e-ba4f-4a7d-8d43-ba85436fd50f/EastPotomacGolfCourse_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5fe7b9ef-d6d3-43f6-8b12-130614b31e30/VAAveNW_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c9803cac-ae6d-4bc0-8a2b-c0808e4bd1d5/BrycePark_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/19ce36b2-fe60-4821-a728-47f0f0dd0f85/Maryland+Avenue+NE_REAP+Analysis_Final+Report+-+spreads+compressed.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1a5bb961-585c-4432-825e-9a221688eb97/Great+Falls+NHL+Historic+District+Resource+Inventory+and+Integrity+Evaluation+Report_Final+compressed+10.26.17.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/36b962fd-97af-46a2-a15a-1f7d7e849d80/Marion+Park_REAP+Analysis_Final+Report+-+spreads+9.30.20.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e707b32f-0dfb-4a5b-b712-467d003ea393/Fort+Drive_REAP+Analysis_Final+Report+-+spreads+9.30.20+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e169e4df-6856-4e14-bed1-7d52cd5fa1b8/Great+Falls-S.U.M.+NHL+District+Nomination+Update+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/de1e9f29-77c4-457a-b4e0-0613764ea7ae/Titanic+Memorial+Park_REAP+Analysis_Final+Report+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d871fd28-61d7-4cc4-b11a-1703d2dd61a3/AnacostiaPark_CLI_Update+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d871fd28-61d7-4cc4-b11a-1703d2dd61a3/AnacostiaPark_CLI_Update+reduced.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e67a9893-30f5-43c2-a66f-8cb9077f13d6/TitanicMemorialPark_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dd24dda4-e0a2-45dd-b930-f906265a5631/FortDrive%28Slocum+to+Totten%29_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9327b5bf-0ff6-4fe3-9ce8-bf30d43458ff/MarionPark_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/18fc6427-a77c-4dc9-beed-027dbc1b3b65/MarylandAvenueNE_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bddf2dfa-70a1-49cd-9ca4-a585c93e81e2/LincolnMemorial_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fb4dfb6f-dd7d-40c3-96d0-cb87689a5096/PAAveNW_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7c0ec50a-a965-4684-ac7f-031a954cdbd0/LincolnMemorial_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5372acc7-cb97-45d7-bf0f-06e5a4c82113/LincolnMemorial_CLI_Update.jpg Completed Reports https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/86fd1cc7-593d-4bca-a489-4587af90d025/Report+cover.png Completed Reports https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/marion-park daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083733955-D7BQ6636E2QJMG85AD3F/Marion%2BPark_Figure_7.jpg Marion Park The cultural landscape as it appeared in 1800 remained largely undeveloped. Much of the land had been surveyed and parceled out but had not yet been sold. The first structures built around the cultural landscape were “The Maples” in square 875, and the Carbery House in square 845. (Excerpt from Plan of part of the city of Washington: on which is shewn the squares, lots, &c., divided between William Prout Esq'r and the Commissioners of the Federal Buildings, agreeably to the deed of trust, 1800, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083772093-FKCE204W6VJ3B0JF6ALI/Marion%2BPark_Figure_13.jpg Marion Park A pre-1905 drawing of Marion Park showing the general layout of walks and streets. (“Marion Park Draft,” TIC 823/80002, NCA) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083805234-0D98RJ3T3SQ63OGNYJSZ/Marion%2BPark_Figure_15.jpg Marion Park Baist’s Real Estate Atlas of 1919 showing Marion Park and the surrounding buildings. (Baist et al. 1919, Plate 23, Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083823344-8YQPCU24W4SR0FUD6EJ9/Marion%2BPark_Figure_16.jpg Marion Park Landscape conditions in Marion Park in 1927, as viewed from the southeast (Reservation 18, Reservation Files, National Capital Region, National Park Service) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083845372-ESQ7SL5E58FBPN7QT1ND/Marion%2BPark_Figure_39.jpg Marion Park A 1992 HABS photograph of Marion Park shows the modern playground, mushroom lights, tulip trashcans, regulatory signage, and benches. The 1964 modern design of Marion Park remained largely intact. (McWilliams, 1992) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083927858-Q5X65BKIB4T93PYODO67/Marion%2BPark_Figure_53.jpg Marion Park In 1995, the Marion Park playground was replaced, retaining only the concrete turtle from the 1964 design. Cropped view to the south; (bottom) The 1995 playground structure featured plastic slides and metal safety equipment. Cropped view to the north. (“[Marion Park] NACE Site Survey” 1999, furniture file, NACE) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083957191-CYPPTJQJMP7Q86A3YODD/Marion%2BPark_Figure_54.jpg Marion Park The extant Marion Park playground is located in the same location as the first playground dating to the 1962-1970 period of significance but is non-historic. (Photo by Molly Lester, 2019) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669083987533-JQ9JJ8GQFLDT8GIN6BPZ/Marion%2BPark_Figure_51.jpg Marion Park (left) These Star Magnolia trees, located in the western central panel of the cultural landscape date to the final period of significance (1962-1970) (Photo by CLI author, 2019); (right) These Panicled Goldenrain trees, located in the eastern central panel of the cultural landscape date to the final period of significance (1962-1970) (Photo by CLI author, 2019). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1669084014605-5MLRKB479DXSOEEISAW3/Marion%2BPark_Figure_61.jpg Marion Park “Kiddie tables” were added in the 1995 playground area redesign (left) and were replaced sometime between 2007-2014 with newer metal versions (right). (Excerpt from “[Marion Park] NACE Site Survey, furniture file, NACE, 1999; Molly Lester, 2019) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/neighborhoods-streetscapes daily 0.75 2022-11-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041155957-MZCF4T0Z6DAGJIQ9KP6Y/PA+Ave+SE+CLI+FY+2017_Page_050_Image_0001.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041255638-5MFI9CXN8TEKEWULW2LA/14_06.JPG Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041344859-0DVKEB1F7MP262A6Y2LS/13_Maryland+Ave+at+12th+and+F+Streets.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041410372-DIKYOGY259EWV2KOARLY/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_1.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041452593-WJBWD3NO79I3OEX4ZXL5/16.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041490928-QG1L68Y0CO2Q0TEAL41Z/PA+Ave+NW_Page_001_Image_0001.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640041854690-YZ87BBVT97346MC4L8HE/Grant+Circle+CLI+FY+2017_Page_01_Image_0001.jpg Neighborhoods + Streetscapes https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-drive daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c87db398-ae8d-466c-8957-58a95b0898c6/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_7.jpg Fort Drive segment The approximate boundaries of the cultural landscape are shown in white. By 1861, the cultural landscape consisted of a patchwork of fields, orchards, wooded areas, plantations, and estates. Caroline Sanders, Tomas Murphy, Thomas Brown, and Mary Walker are among the known landowners prior to the Civil War. (Excerpt from Boscke 1861; annotated by the CLI author, 2020) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f8bd9bf5-3daf-4955-adfd-b05710469df8/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_11.jpg Fort Drive segment Photo of a gun at Fort Totten, looking northeast towards the vicinity of the cultural landscape. The vastly open landscape in the background is typical of conditions in the cultural landscape during and after the Civil War. (Excerpt from Smith 1865) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a7bc4280-b669-4456-ac87-fdee6359e8b7/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_18.jpg Fort Drive segment By the 1920s, nearly the entire cultural landscape (shown in white) had been subdivided for residential development. Former large estates and plantations were converted into developments such as Stott’s Park (yellow, right), Chillum Castle Manor (purple, bottom), and Chillum Castle Heights (yellow, left) However, only two houses were constructed within the cultural landscape. These were located in the Chillum Castle Manor section and are outlined in orange (Excerpt from Baist 1919-1921; annotated by CLI author, 2020). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2c4f7b78-7bfc-4dbe-bc74-07682f920e6c/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_23.jpg Fort Drive segment This map, prepared by the D.C. Surveyor’s Office, shows the progress of land acquisition within the cultural landscape by 1933. Green parcels were those owned by the government. (Excerpt from “Map of the Permanent System of Highways,” 1933) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/31c4b1c8-287f-4cb4-b516-1a1e383773b1/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_25.jpg Fort Drive segment The 1965 Tuemmler report called for pedestrian overpasses linking the various segments of the cultural landscape at Kansas Avenue NW, Blair Road NW, New Hampshire Avenue NW, and Riggs Road NE. (Excerpt from Tuemmler 1965) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a69dccd6-12c1-48cf-b728-b3acaf5c39d5/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_33.jpg Fort Drive segment The service road in the Blair Road Community Garden (left) was formerly known as McCandless Place and is a remnant of the former street grid within the cultural landscape. Traces of the former Kennedy Street NE are located in Reservation 497c (Photos by CLI author, 2020). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1c46fe8b-d114-4193-9885-325cc67499fc/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_34.jpg Fort Drive segment Maturing vegetation and urbanization during the end of the period of significance (1930-1968) obscured any views of surrounding landmarks. (Left) Mamie D. Lee Community Garden looking northeast; (right) Reservation 497a looking west. (Photos by CLI author, 2020) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fd56f6ac-8d9a-4c4a-a659-5992dd17d8aa/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_44.jpg Fort Drive segment There is no documented history of trash cans or picnic tables during the periods of significance. However, one trash can and one picnic table were installed by the NPS sometime after 1968 in reservation 497a. View to the north. (Lester 2020). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/adf59f9d-356b-4631-97e1-56c6e8af308b/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_32.jpg Fort Drive segment Many of the edges of the cultural landscape feature steeply-sloping human-made topography where roads transect the various segments of the study area. View to the southwest of reservation 497a with Kansas Avenue NW at right (Photo by CLI author, 2020). https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/pennsylvania-avenue-se daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dc322a76-31ae-4586-bd92-1fe0bee56cb8/956c08_f46dc7e863524f1fbf99e57c3f37966f_mv2_d_2803_1696_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE A detail of the L'Enfant Plan showing Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor, which runs between the "Congress house" to the draw bridge crossing the Anacostia in the lower left corner. Also shown are squares No. 14 and No. 1, as originally designed by L'Enfant. (Pierre Charles L'Enfant, "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States...," 1791. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/54f22de0-b1f7-4a8a-9234-228b0bd004ff/956c08_871c880dc7f543df9b095de941865091_mv2_d_2574_1526_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Detail showing development along Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor prior to the Civil War. Albert Boschke, "Topographical Map of the District of Columbia, Surveyed in the Years 1856 '57 '58 and '59," 1861 (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/40c76c02-f095-4b68-8df6-d2f7ad6828d7/956c08_5cc910e6e4894e7387a2a19773751f90_mv2_d_3034_1894_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Engineering map showing street paving along Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor in 1880. (F.V. Greene, "City of Washington, statistical maps," 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ae647a66-b10b-4911-94f2-9faf09779b45/956c08_357b3e34f1e84e03b65672f50b080fac_mv2_d_2233_1632_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Baist's 1913 Atlas (Plate 30) showing expanding development along eastern section of Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor. (G. Wm., H.V. and Wm. E. Baist, "Baist's real estate atlas of surveys of Washington, District of Columbia, Vol. II, 1913. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b5d320f6-a76f-4cf2-b5a1-55b779389efa/956c08_870883c825b5432cae9ca5e093daecd4_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Photo from 1927 survey of all NPS reservations, showing center medians and streetcar between Third and Fourth Streets SE. (National Park Service Land Files) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e52dce03-6a7f-4be3-bb86-43a310264337/956c08_b50c8b98b5194ce19235b8d60627931b_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Photo from 1927 survey of all NPS reservations showing triangle park at Fourth Street SE. (National Park Service Land Files) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/851463c3-a0d0-4faa-81a6-46cb489a2584/956c08_6ad681e7e79c42a589f00f2c7c9acd0c_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Part of NPS planting design for Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor, part of Lady Bird Johnson's Beautification Program. (National Park Service, "Planting Plan: PA Ave. 2nd St. SE to Barney Circle SE," NPS E-Tic) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5a920b3a-8369-46c3-b69a-a256b2b29664/956c08_2c78a1d99d824624b9fd01c9c910f6e4_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE HABS photo of Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor showing 1960s wide medians with Beautification Program plantings. (HABS photos, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5c8f8be6-6cb6-4c32-be70-3545bf2aebd4/956c08_500a3f30442748c7935090963584236d_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE HABS photo of Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor showing 1960s wide medians with Beautification Program plantings. (HABS photos, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/31d191b1-7b8a-4d53-a5be-ffbfffbfa649/956c08_35d333f784954398bed5406c63adf369_mv2_d_1800_1200_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE A large expanse of green space at Seward Square, facing 5th Street SE. Benches provide a place for pedestrians to rest. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/45e60cd6-c0c9-4ff1-ae0e-c05103c2789b/956c08_3dc30a9ad69f46d3836d7514cfe6579a_mv2_d_1800_1200_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Quarter-round curbing at Reservation 052. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/83e4ce0f-c6c9-428a-957f-58d9b310efdf/956c08_9d3e1ecf2caf4d439cd9c89a0f6af202_mv2_d_1800_1200_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Holly trees at Seward Square. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/70d83c69-8e6a-4dc9-b164-1fba42448e15/956c08_14462465dbc44ea29cc9584cee4f2f98_mv2_d_1800_1200_s_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Seward Square, north of Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor, showing original cut of 5th Street SE, sodded over in 1963. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b745086f-00b2-4672-8ca2-550057677b7b/956c08_e4a6cf45e615478db3f2346ae20c237d_mv2_d_4000_3000_s_4_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue SE Vistas along Pennsylvania Avenue SE facing the Capitol building. (Photo by Shannon Garrison) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f92066c4-e1e4-4101-bb3e-af3a2b965b3e/DSC_0505.JPG Pennsylvania Avenue SE Crabapples at Pennsylvania Avenue SE corridor medians. (Photo by Molly Lester) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/contact daily 0.75 2024-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1631899199647-U1HGUVZOD1JAN3RE60C0/DSC_0088.JPG Contact - For more information about these projects, or to collaborate on other cultural landscape initiatives, contact: Randall F. Mason Professor, Department of Historic Preservation Stuart Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania 115 Meyerson Hall 210 South 34th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6311 T: 215-898-3169 E: rfmason@design.upenn.edu https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-chaplin daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bda2e628-05cf-48cd-936c-bcd99b1eda02/8+Boschke+map+vs+Lines+of+Defenses_REV.jpg Fort Chaplin Comparison of the site of Fort Chaplin, as depicted on the 1861 Boschke map (left) and the 1861 Lines of Defense map (right), developed by Major General John G. Barnard. Barnard’s map of the fortifications around Washington used Boschke’s survey as a base map, superimposing the location of the hastily-built forts on the existing map. (Boschke 1861; Lines of Defense map, via HistoricMapWorks.com) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ba7df684-7a45-4793-9f15-a6eb63fac84f/9_Fort+Chaplin+engineer+drawing.jpg Fort Chaplin Engineer drawings of Fort Chaplin, including plan (center) and sections of the earthworks. (National Archives, as printed in Cooling and Owen 2010) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f316eb1b-2229-4817-a988-20d90e3e3dab/11_1884+map+and+1888+map_REV.jpg Fort Chaplin Fort Chaplin’s historic fabric, as seen in 1884 (top) and 1888 (bottom). The approximate location of the earthworks is indicated in the 1884 map by a red dot. (Lydecker and Greene 1884; United States Geological Survey 1888) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3afc451c-89fb-491a-8611-92b4ac9b6c6a/12_1895+map.jpg Fort Chaplin A map of Fort Chaplin and its setting in 1895, denoting the surviving fragments of the earthworks (right), former military road (center), and vegetation. (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1895) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d1c23639-998f-40fa-ab5d-c4fe2a79e2cb/13_1907+and+1927+maps_REV.jpg Fort Chaplin The buildings, structures, and setting of Fort Chaplin, as seen in 1907 (top) and 1927 (bottom). The approximate location of the surviving earthworks is indicated on each map by a red dot. (Baist 1907, via HistoricMapWorks.com; Baist 1927, via HistoricMapWorks.com) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/10e395cb-da9c-4d57-ae8a-a7ac364ea147/14_1945+map+and+1949+map_REV.jpg Fort Chaplin The evolution of Fort Chaplin’s footprint and boundaries in the mid-twentieth century, as seen in maps from 1945 (top) and 1949 (bottom). The approximate location of the extant earthworks is indicated in each map by a red dot. Among the changes that affected Fort Chaplin during these years, East Capitol Street was extended eastward, and Texas Avenue SE was created along the park’s eastern boundary. (United States Geological Survey 1945; United States Air Force 1949) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9d8f6a43-8232-4b29-bf87-d22e256b28a3/15_Buildings+and+structures--historic+and+existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Footprint of the earthworks at Fort Chaplin, as seen in an 1888 map (top) and recent aerial photography (bottom); portions of the parapets can be seen at the center of the photograph. (United States Geological Survey 1888; Digital Globe-Sanborn/Google Earth 2003) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ba44649d-bbc8-40be-80a4-2373976b2661/16_Buildings+and+structures--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Extant conditions of the earthworks, including parapet remnants (top) and the area between the bomb proof and the magazine (bottom). (M. Lester 2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b897ae48-9e56-4948-82d4-5e0f3ad1d60e/17_Circulation--historic+and+existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Historic circulation patterns at Fort Chaplin (top), as of 1888 (with fragments of Civil War-era features), and current circulation patterns (bottom), with fragments of social trails and the historic military road. (United States Geological Survey 1888; Digital Globe/Google Earth 2012) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/251eb61c-c0e2-4c2a-bbef-ca8da8208bd3/18_Circulation--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Extant circulation features in Fort Chaplin Park include a portion of the historic military road (top) and the Fort Circle Parks hiker-biker trail (bottom), which extends through Fort Chaplin Park and crosses over into adjacent lands. (M. Lester 2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/976c0039-aa26-471f-92fe-58c7a08d501c/19_Circulation--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Existing conditions of social trails on the site. At their entrances (left), social trails are generally legible; on the interior of the site, however (right), they are difficult to distinguish and follow. (M. Lester 2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c7b4c718-66ba-407f-b46b-c9429f531135/20_Vegetation--historic+and+existing_REV.jpg Fort Chaplin Historic vegetation conditions on the site during the nineteenth-century period of significance, when Fort Chaplin was clear-cut (top), as compared with current vegetation patterns on the site, with mature trees throughout. The approximate location of extant earthworks is indicated in each image by a red dot. (Lydecker and Greene 1884; USDA Farm Service Agency/Google Earth 2011) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e2cb7411-c4b3-4aa2-ac8a-e701d9d4f07c/21_Vegetation--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Existing vegetation conditions around the perimeter of the site. The northern boundary (top), located along East Capitol Street, features a narrow grassy strip between the hillside and the sidewalk, while the southern boundary (bottom) on C Street SE has a narrower grassy strip between park and the street. (M. Lester 2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/583032ae-b784-415a-bff7-50779ce4dfa2/22_Vegetation--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin General vegetation conditions, including mature trees and ground cover throughout the site (top) and extensive brush and tree stands covering the earthworks (bottom). (M. Lester 2016) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a7a2dfa7-84b2-42bd-b6d6-3d4d9e4aaa93/23_Views+and+vistas--existing.jpg Fort Chaplin Current views from Fort Chaplin Park, obstructed by vegetation—particularly on the surviving earthworks. (M. Lester 2016) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/current-projects daily 0.75 2025-01-15 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-mcnair daily 0.75 2023-03-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/18511cd4-c8e4-40de-b5f3-08fef5732c4c/DSC_0537.JPG Fort McNair The 3rd Avenue entrance allée, looking south from the Six-Gun Gate toward the parade ground. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0ee21d06-52e5-4172-80ae-792e8339b0d5/DSC_0538.JPG Fort McNair View looking south from the 3rd Avenue allée toward the flagpole area and the parade ground/drill field. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/65fb40a0-dbfe-4387-bd34-78ccc5f384c2/DSC_0527.JPG Fort McNair View across the parade ground. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/df4ee058-97de-48a1-b91c-1601644ae605/DSC_0547.JPG Fort McNair View across the parade ground (and significant historic cannons) toward the officers' quarters (1-15) designed by McKim, Mead and White. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ae59262a-4dc1-43d7-9d28-d4cd559b5577/DSC_0554.JPG Fort McNair View from the parade ground/drill field looking east toward Quarters 23-28. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f7d5520a-8342-4e8e-858a-56ecbc349e8c/Picture8.jpg Fort McNair View of Quarters 1 (at right), 2, 3, and 4 (at left), looking southwest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/6140a0de-26eb-4e32-a427-bb91827815d6/DSC_0237.JPG Fort McNair View of Building 54, looking northeast. Building 54 is located on the northwest side of the campus, just north of B Road and east of 1st Avenue. The building was originally constructed in the Second Empire style by a series of contractors from 1893-1898 as the General Hospital on post, and was converted into barracks in 1908. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/73f4c2db-76b6-4a2a-b7c3-e50d2679061b/Picture13.jpg Fort McNair View of Building 17, looking northeast. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7e4f7507-a1e2-4e0a-8a50-11ba96d9a344/Picture15.jpg Fort McNair View of Building 20/Grant Hall, looking east. Originally part of the U.S. Penitentiary, Building 20 was where President Lincoln’s assassins were held and tried in 1865 (before being executed on the site of the tennis courts, immediately west of this building). Building 20 was fully renovated from 1869 to 1871; D.C. architect Adolph Cluss oversaw its rehabilitation in the Italianate style. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/683c5b01-c8d0-432b-8dc7-a5656deca78b/Picture26.jpg Fort McNair View of Building 61/Roosevelt Hall, looking southeast. The most significant McKim, Mead & White design on-site, the building was originally constructed as the Army War College and is currently occupied by the National War College. Secretary of War Elihu Root set aside the land for the Army War College in 1901, and the cornerstone was laid in February 1903. Congressional approval in 1904 allowed construction to begin in earnest, and in 1907, construction was completed at the cost of $700,000. On June 30, 1907, the College officially opened. The building is located at the south end of campus (and historic district) fronting D Road and only a few hundred feet north of the confluence of the Washington Channel, the Potomac River, and the Anacostia River. It is centrally located on the peninsula’s longitudinal axis, in line with 3rd Avenue, in order to make the building the focal point of the views from the northern end of campus. The Beaux-Arts building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 (NR #72001535). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/778d2aee-404b-41d9-8292-43f4aa07d1bf/DSC_0022.JPG Fort McNair Entrance portico of Building 61/Roosevelt Hall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9b77f7fb-ee2d-4a5b-a9bc-2fbfe5565eae/Picture29.jpg Fort McNair Interior view of Building 61 conference room, with Guastavino tile vaults. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/lewis-mountain daily 0.75 2024-05-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/903e6ade-5df7-4f4a-8583-fb29a314f249/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.2+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Regional location of Lewis Mountain and its relation to other component landscapes of Shenandoah National Park. (Torkelson 2023) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/aa47f727-0921-4e48-a2b4-b369b92ff56a/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_2.13.jpg Lewis Mountain This 1963 aerial photograph of Lewis Mountain shows the lodge (center) and its designed vista, including a triangular clearing facing Skyline Drive to the west (green). Maintenance of this vista waned in the ensuing decades. The vista is now blocked by vegetation except along the electric transmission right-of-way. (USGS EROS 1963; annotated by authors) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5aaf4f14-3cf4-4d84-81c2-d965468a4e5c/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_Drawing6a+%281%29.png Lewis Mountain This map shows all the proposed treatments for Lewis Mountain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/08d80842-3eda-4ac9-80d6-0a670b0ce24e/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.1+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Lewis Mountain was the center of Black life at Shenandoah National Park during the 1940s and 1950s under Jim Crow. It was the only area that offered overnight accommodations to Black visitors and was the only area within the park run by and for Black campers, providing a safe space for recreation. (Personal collection of Reed Engle; used in Krutko Devlin 2010: 100) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0ad77d20-df62-41af-b1db-cee53b2ae454/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_2.14+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain The original 1938 master plan for Lewis Mountain called for the creation of a westward vista from the lodge (A). This vista was constructed and maintained into the 1960s. It would likely have featured views to the west of the farms in Allen Hollow (F) and Field Hollow (H), as well as the watershed of South Naked Creek (G). It may have also featured more immediate views of Skyline Drive (D) and the utility clearing that serviced Lewis Mountain (E). (USGS USGS EROS 1963, annotated by Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/af0d4291-e41d-4269-abc3-7cf94180f670/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_3.15+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain During oral histories conducted for the report, descendants regularly referenced the photo log as among their favorite features at Lewis Mountain. The “photo log” was a log guardrail located in a planted island between the lodge and cabin area. This photo collage shows where the photo log was located and what a restored log might look like. Pictured is Loyella Wright, daughter of head cook Isabelle Wright. (Torkelson 2023; adapted from SHEN 54703 Audrey Tutt Collection. Used by permission of Audrey Tutt.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/93c40e29-f140-46bc-9354-3fa798278049/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_1.19+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Gilda Wright, daughter of head chef Isabelle Wright, in the lodge at Lewis Mountain. (SHEN 29415, Audrey Tutt Collection. Used by permission of Audrey Tutt.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a3553a93-f093-4cdc-8f14-f58086a6813a/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.6.jpg Lewis Mountain The Lewis Mountain campground is among the most popular tent camping sites in Shenandoah National Park. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1791c666-156d-4673-8955-a8cefc8366fe/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_3.13+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain The vista from the lodge picture window (left center) is currently obscured by forest. It should be restored in conjunction with the lodge rehabilitation and terrace construction. (Torkelson 2023) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/63001545-6326-414e-b82b-b6bd86d22b59/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_1.17+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Katie Thomas and friends, L to R. (SHEN 29415, Audrey Tutt Collection. Used by permission of Audrey Tutt.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7a984f30-817e-437d-97b8-ea9c7f50c3b6/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.5.jpg Lewis Mountain The Lewis Mountain Picnic Grounds opened in 1938 as the only picnic area for Black visitors to the park. The picnic area was historically used by local and regional Black church groups, social organizations, and families that would make day trips to Lewis Mountain. It remains little changed from the period of significance. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c7ee7206-7f6e-47a0-8994-f77168dd391e/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_3.39.jpg Lewis Mountain Encourage the cultivation of a successional canopy by establishing no-mow zones with understory plantings and young trees. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7ddafa62-2ebb-416c-916f-5f77a30e17b0/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_Cover.jpg Lewis Mountain Mr. Lloyd Tutt, the manager of Lewis Mountain, and others lean on the railing of a cabin at Lewis Mountain during his first year as manager in 1941. (Scudder Griffing, SHEN-02322/BVC Slide #04557) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7a8c8b97-17c8-435e-a005-867c27f6f35c/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.4.jpg Lewis Mountain Prior to 1946, the cabins at Lewis Mountain were the only overnight accommodations in Shenandoah National Park available to Black campers. All historic cabins are still extant. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/0171ac4a-8ca3-4812-81ad-0e9c56e27eb0/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_3.29+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Dead trees, such as these two oaks along the entrance road, should be preserved as snags when they are not a danger to the public or to historic landscape features. Trees should be replaced as they are lost to weather event, pests, and climate change. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/02f97b63-dce6-4f2a-8596-f84d4e8aa944/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_2.12+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain This excerpt from the 1938 Lewis Mountain Master Plan shows a vista designed by park landscape architects at the lodge. The southwesterly vista likely highlighted views of Skyline Drive and the Shenandoah Valley beyond. (Excerpt from SHEN 47218, Shelf 4, Box 8) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c5f490d1-115f-4826-a534-a99a3b44d91d/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_0.3.jpg Lewis Mountain The lodge served as the logistical and cultural center of Lewis Mountain during the period of significance. Visitors to Lewis Mountain in the 1940s and 1950s praised the food, music, and friendly atmosphere of the lodge. The lodge no longer serves food or hosts events, and instead serves as a camp store. (Torkelson 2023) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/4056eed4-a4cf-494f-8bc4-c66e2dbcf6ee/20231222_SHEN_LewisMountainCLR_3.9+%281%29.jpg Lewis Mountain Many historic boulder drinking fountains are no longer operational. All should be restored to working order. (Boone 2022) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/mountain-camps daily 0.75 2024-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042978477-3ZIA9BJI4Q1VDBVKMPW7/IMG_6373.jpeg Mountain Camps https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bf05f16a-8468-4209-8f9f-9b4232921f6f/IMG_5989.JPG Mountain Camps https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/47916424-1604-4c84-a9e9-1b6d6ec06964/IMG_6370.jpeg Mountain Camps https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/military-landscapes daily 0.75 2023-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042050156-42O2TXZLBRGSOVHTS6QZ/DSC_0247.JPG Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042099715-3U1FDW11KCBOMWBITTBW/1909-07-27_Orville+Wright+and+Lieutenant+Lahm+of+the+United+States+Signal+Corps..._LOC.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042319415-B4A5AB1LQZ7SMQMU8GP7/GWMP_Fort+Marcy_CLI+2015_Page_57_Image_0002.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042356753-2QB9HEQIWT9I1R8XXZ3V/Fort+DuPont2_circa+1932_YouTube.JPG Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042379994-NFG1OX3JVX9MG5POH7WC/1+Cover+photo.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042401407-YU84PTKEQJ3320VU1DKD/Fort+Foote_Page_047_Image_0001.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042459077-W9HNONJ4ZMBLSS4J7FZW/small+scale+features_signage.JPG Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042488171-AS55FK94Q34BC8RSQG2Q/14+Amphitheater.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640042576313-4VSY26F010LQ8YIAHJMN/Fort+DeRussy+CLI+2014_Page_74_Image_0001.jpg Historic Military Landscapes https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/dc-small-parks-project daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096772519-EDTVUWPPC96XL5M751HT/1.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096830486-9TYVD3EGF8YA2B399QL7/1_Cover+photo.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096854822-NS706E3SXHIS11MVV1JH/1_Cover+photo.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096880969-FBJKELEJI11A5FASDTCZ/Marion+Park_Figure_1.png DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096929238-6BLLH8SPAQYS6XKOI9PY/Titanic+Memorial+CLI_Figure_1.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640096961634-H0O3PK8ZQ21UPRLUMZC1/Fort+Drive+CLI_Figure_1.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640097005748-IBHGDVPRC2CZNME8LN1C/Grant+Circle+CLI+FY+2017_Page_01_Image_0001.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640114954166-0BFL2QKPG4AE4X7SR9MY/PA+Ave+NW_Page_001_Image_0001.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1640114983925-Z7NIFTNK2EWB8TZVCPX2/PA+Ave+SE+CLI+FY+2017_Page_001_Image_0001.jpg DC Small Parks Project https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/fort-bunker-hill daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/ef80db59-9851-406e-b026-5e4932a9ece2/6+Boshke+Map.jpg Fort Bunker Hill 1861: Boschke map of the District of Columbia, with future hilltop site of Fort Bunker Hill highlighted. (Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3f97b506-9fe1-4829-97aa-aaa35ade1bed/7+All+defenses.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Modified 1865 map of the Defenses of Washington, distinguished by their current ownership and management status. (National Park Service) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/19b15b66-e99d-4dd5-a15f-a6b4da9b3d40/8+Boschke+map+vs+Lines+of+Defenses.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Comparison of the site of Fort Bunker Hill, as depicted on the 1861 Boschke map (left) and the 1861 Lines of Defense map (right), developed by Major General John G. Barnard. Barnard’s map of the fortifications around Washington used Boschke’s survey as a base map, superimposing the location of the hastily-built forts on the existing map. (Boschke map, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; Lines of Defense map, Historic Map Works Rare Historic Maps Collection) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/15810bbc-0eca-4dff-b436-9f5599c4e6e8/9+Fort+Bunker+Hill+environs.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Early map of Fort Bunker Hill environs (date unknown). (National Archives, as printed in Cooling and Owen 2010) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/781efadf-3f6b-49b2-92d3-d2940d09881f/10+Engineer+drawing.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Engineer drawings of Fort Bunker Hill’s magazine (top), sections and elevations (center left, center right, bottom), and plan (center). (National Archives, as printed in Cooling and Owen 2010) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9cdd4fd4-ee12-440d-a55d-eca3a1a455bb/13+1907+Baist+map.jpg Fort Bunker Hill By 1907, the site was fully surrounded by the Brookland subdivision, confined to a city block bound by 14th (formerly Argyle) Street NE, Perry (formerly Omaha) Street, 13th (formerly Burns) Street NE, and Otis (formerly Fort) Street. (Baist 1907, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fd820f71-fb92-43ef-90c7-e301dd6698fd/14+Amphitheater.jpg Fort Bunker Hill View looking west at the Fort Bunker Hill amphitheater, constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, in a c. 1960 photograph. (National Park Service, as printed in Einberger 2014) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a8a3542b-9706-4c9b-b4bf-4ce61ab1c2f3/15+Circulation+historic+vs+current.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Fort Bunker Hill’s historic circulation pattern during the early period of significance, as represented in the 1863 Topographical Map of the Defenses North of Washington. During the Civil War, the site had a limited number of access roads from Military Road (to the south), but few social trails and no connections to the land north or east of the fort. In contrast, the site today (as seen in an aerial photograph) has several social trails, including the primary social trail along the central east-west axis of the site. (Hodasevich 1863, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; United States Geological Survey 2006, via Google Earth) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1fd8fb23-96b9-4f66-b4ca-53b674a868ac/16+Circulation+existing.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Fort Bunker Hill’s extant social trails are dirt paths. The primary social trail (left, looking west) has remnants of the CCC-era steps. In some areas, the paths are overgrown with vegetation. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7c7ff186-8ba1-4a96-ba38-04525c56f9b1/17+Vegetation+historic+vs+current.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Fort Bunker Hill’s vegetation pattern has changed significantly over time, from its clearcut condition during the Civil War (top); to the 1880s (center), when vegetation overtook the hilltop and the earthworks; to the current condition (bottom), which is densely wooded throughout the site. The earthworks are located in the southwest corner of the city block that contains Fort Bunker Hill Park. (Hodasevich 1863, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division; Lydecker and Greene 1884, NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection; United States Geological Survey 2008, via Google Earth) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/c28a1d8b-cf1c-46ec-9b0d-8f55e3591d96/18+Vegetation+existing.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Fort Bunker Hill’s current vegetation is generally densely wooded and overgrown at the perimeter (top, view looking north), with limited exceptions that include cleared areas at the corners of the block (center, view looking west) and an area along the eastern side of the site (bottom, view looking west) that has minimal ground cover. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/73c9fafd-5317-4fe9-a11b-15795d1f2d82/19+Vegetation+existing.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Within the Fort Bunker Hill site, the vegetation pattern generally consists of a thick growth of mature trees and low brush (top, view looking north; center, view looking north). At the crest of the hill in the southwest corner of the site (bottom, view looking northwest), a cleared area has minimal ground cover and few trees. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a437215a-d738-43d5-b79b-3e140f6d748f/21+Earthworks+historic+vs+existing.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Fort Bunker Hill’s earthworks over time, from the planned layout at the start of the Civil War (left) to the gradual deterioration in the late nineteenth century (center) to their current condition (right), as seen in a recent aerial photograph. (National Archives, as printed in Cooling and Owen 2010; Lydecker and Greene 1884, NOAA Historical Map and Chart Collection; DigitalGlobe 2015, via Google Earth) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/39c4bc01-f930-452d-a192-6aa7a250f967/22+Earthworks.jpg Fort Bunker Hill The historic earthworks are still somewhat legible in the site’s topography, although their condition has deteriorated and they are obscured by vegetation. Parapet remnants are visible in the top (view looking east) and center (view looking west) photographs, while the bottom photograph (view looking north) depicts the traverse within the parapets. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/73d419db-9004-4dda-942f-f87fae03652f/23+Amphitheater.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Views of the CCC-era amphitheater, including the concrete stage (top, view looking south) and the deteriorated hillside seating (bottom, view looking southwest), which retains traces of the rustic log seating that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed between 1935 and 1937. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/06270d7c-5999-45cf-b0c8-e44128370b2c/24+Views+and+Vistas.jpg Fort Bunker Hill The site’s original views toward the surrounding land north and east of the fort are obstructed today by vegetation and development around the hill. Top: view looking south; Bottom: view looking north. (M. Lester 2015) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bea0ec3c-9256-42b1-9673-9ee39b93548e/25+Small+scale+features.jpg Fort Bunker Hill Extant small-scale features on the site include the picnic tables and signage in the southeast corner of the park (left, view looking west); concrete water fountains (center, view looking east), which likely postdate the later period of significance; and two lightstands around the amphitheater (right, view looking north) that may date to the CCC-era period of significance. (M. Lester 2015) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/bryce-park daily 0.75 2023-03-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/dea5d3b5-42a1-44f4-86ca-ee49554efc3e/5_1861+Boschke+map.jpg Bryce Park Area around Bryce Park cultural landscape, as shown on the 1861 Topographical Map of the District of Columbia by A. Boschke. Annotation of Bryce Park’s approximate boundaries (with white outline) by CLI author. (Boschke 1861) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d53ede7a-db38-43dc-8849-c867f12b82ab/8_1907+Baist+annotated.jpg Bryce Park Area around Bryce Park cultural landscape, as shown on the 1907 Baist’s Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Washington, District of Columbia by G.W. Baist. Annotation of Bryce Park’s approximate boundaries (with white outline) by CLI author. (Baist 1907: Vol. 3, Plate 26) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/54ee4f2c-d7c0-4882-a96f-776c76c67ae6/21_1956+survey+of+the+parcel.jpg Bryce Park 1956 survey of the Bryce Park parcel, in advance of the National Park Service’s purchase of the property. (Surveyor’s Office D.C. 1956) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f0d41c9c-9d6d-4ed6-8ec8-8a87169a5620/13_Gas+station+on+site+circa+1921.jpg Bryce Park Penn Oil Company filling station on the Bryce Park site, circa 1920-1921. View likely from Massachusetts Avenue, looking southwest. Wisconsin Avenue streetcar wires are visible at right in photograph. (National Photo Company 1921) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/27484b49-2275-45b3-8235-a2cb8e1ef843/22_Aerial+photograph+as+of+1957.jpg Bryce Park Aerial photograph of the Bryce Park site as of 1957, just two years before the National Park Service acquired the property. (United States Department of Agriculture 1957) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/e86040d8-51c6-4b8a-a48a-5574966931f1/23_Diagram+of+terraces.jpg Bryce Park Diagram of the four terraces that respond to the site’s topography, from the highest-elevation terraces (dark blue) to the central terrace, to the lowest-elevation terrace (light blue). Diagram overlaid on the 1963 landscape plan for Bryce Park, as designed by NPS Landscape Architect William Belden. (Belden 1963) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5632e1d7-4ef2-42b4-b19e-65f49d96cac9/24_1962+Landscape+plan+by+William+Belden.jpg Bryce Park 1962 landscape plan for Bryce Park, overall design and construction drawing, as designed by NPS Landscape Architect William Belden. (Belden 1962) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/78be4f3c-6b2d-494f-9ea9-ba15192eeeba/32_General+site+conditions+in+2019.jpg Bryce Park General site conditions, southwest terrace, photographed in March 2019. (Photo by CLI author) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/385ec6c0-0f36-4505-a431-ac6b73d68a6d/33_Land+Use_commemorative+plaque.jpg Bryce Park Bronze plaques were installed at Bryce Park during the period of significance, dedicated to James Bryce (top) and Mrs. James K. Rowe Jr. (bottom). These plaques remain in place as of 2019, and give the cultural landscape a commemorative land use, in addition to its recreational use as a small park. (Photos by the CLI author, November 2018 and March 2019) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f31b5492-6e36-445a-bc4f-a99a6b35aa54/38_Views+to+National+Cathedral.jpg Bryce Park Bryce Park features views to the Washington National Cathedral, outside the boundaries of the cultural landscape. (Photo by CLI author, March 2019) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/fa3e00e0-c9a5-4fcf-8220-8c2e8655ba03/41_Internal+views.jpg Bryce Park Within the site, the layout of the circulation and vegetation features, in relation to the topography, frames internal vistas between terraces. (Photo by CLI author) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5f6708a6-3ea0-47e6-95f9-3ece333f3e77/46_Existing+vegetation+at+southeast+corner.jpg Bryce Park Existing vegetation conditions at the southeast corner of the site, at the perimeter of the cultural landscape. (Photo by CLI author, November 2018) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/catoctin-mountain-cabin-camps daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bb40b072-1a06-460b-973f-abe74a339887/Boys+in+pool.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps Campers from the Maryland League use the Misty Mount pool in 1937, the first summer of operation (Camp Misty Mount Interpretive Files, CMP Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/bce5adf5-52a3-4c7f-83e4-e085649fe32a/DSC_0012.JPG Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps At Camp Greentop, the OSS constructed the "trainazium," an open-air obstacle course to prepare special agents for operations abroad. This photograph is captured from a training video produced by John Ford. (National Archives and Records Administration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/f0f4f920-c8dd-45c8-b8ce-c98270b970d6/A%26E+Figure_28.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps This late 1940s photo of the flagpole at Camp Misty Mount indicates that the flagpole was installed during this historic period and is this a contributing element of the camp landscape. (CATO Resource Management Files https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9df399a2-4dd7-4419-b3a4-23dabd2a6acc/Misty+Mount+c+1953.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps A postcard dated June 1953 shows the pool at Camp Misty Mount in use by the Girl Scouts. The pool deck had been replaced by this time, substituting flagstone for concrete. No fence enclosed the pool until the mid-1960s. Foliage around the pool is dense, even on the downhill side (at rear of scene). (Park Files, CPP-006, Thurmont Images Collectio https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/5114d225-d790-44bf-9fd9-f501edf1e496/1959+GT+Rec+Hall+Construction_Page_01.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps The new Greentop recreation building, under construction c. 1959. The new dining hall (constructed in 1955) is visible at left. (CMP Archives) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/25c0dc0a-bf03-4693-8277-b23ff5180526/Figure+14_1.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps Historic photograph of the chapel, c. 1953. (Hattie Hill Papers, Frederick County Public Library) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b22612e0-98d6-4f35-a31b-71f55c7a4c75/A%26E+Figure_34.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps Example of a modern routed wood sign at Camp Misty Mount. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/651e5ddf-6d1e-4310-9454-f240b9a33751/A%26E+Figure_2.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps The topography of Camp Mist Mount is generally steep, owing to its location on the side of a plateau. View to the northwest of Unit B. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/834ba344-d4fe-488c-8b02-03889862c4f5/A%26E+Figure_4a.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps Example of contributing views and vistas at Camp Misty Mount that result from mature hardwood trees framing the viewshed. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/79e14fad-e83d-44e6-8640-ce94d5528231/Figure+2_2.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps The entrance to the campfire circle at Camp Greentop. (Torkelson 2022) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/7fbf81f7-a648-4a54-8328-ecbbf3000f1f/Figure+7.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps View to the southeast of significant erosion on the trail from the dining hall to the craft shed at Camp Misty Mount. (Torkelson 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/9fd1fef9-cb53-4bd7-809e-ea438181ef5b/IMG_6518.jpg Catoctin Mountain Cabin Camps Canopy gaps have been invaded by stilt grass and there is little evidence of natural regeneration or advance regeneration. These gaps are at risk of slow or minimal recovery of native tree canopy. (Piana 2021) https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/site-map daily 0.75 2025-01-15 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/pennsylvania-avenue-nw daily 0.75 2023-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/07b38460-f01f-44be-83fa-f499317e5c96/956c08_7a731a0be71e400b9b288b10f83550fe_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1803 view of Pennsylvania Avenue. Thomas Jefferson's poplar trees flank the avenue. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a46dd06b-5c6a-4d41-80d1-6f5127cdb515/956c08_668ca99789e045378d0de631265d675d_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1839 view of the avenue in a rural state. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b46874e2-a710-43a0-aa4f-b037dcfaf3f9/956c08_a1db9db2b692426bac95ba6790503d66_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1853 proposal for avenue repaving. Proposal by Horace P. Russ, lithograph printed by Endicott & Co. of New York. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/43215e20-6bea-4c79-8866-76b8b0ef1de7/956c08_378f5f46cdd545c6983e9bc4c393e923_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1875 view of the avenue. View of the Federal-style rowhouses along Pennsylvania Avenue, surrounding Poli's theater. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/19ed66b4-45af-4289-89c2-9907e07ea9e2/956c08_bfe7693d9e1a48aeb4b989a25c005852_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1908 view of streetcars. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/d620bc8c-d8df-4be7-9ae2-0460ea2164fe/956c08_912f0b7902724eed9b849f1105674cff_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 1962 view of Pennsylvania Avenue, at the time of President John F. Kennedy's inauguration, with streetcar tracks. (From: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b86531b1-dda0-4b2f-a688-2057f972ae87/956c08_fed0f290d01e452e932717c9f654414f_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW Daniel Kiley's street tree layout, as published in the 1964 plan. (National Capital Planning Commission Archive) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/513908c5-f5dd-48af-9b53-0b245519e5df/956c08_03ac61a396c24a8eae748f51d4aa1bfc_mv2_d_3264_2448_s_4_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW 2017 view of Pennsylvania Avenue. Photo by Karina Bishop. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/a0546698-0dc7-44df-9c1d-bd1267c5eaee/956c08_a23c0b8f25544d259ea454da65de2a80_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW Market Square and Naval Memorial: View of National Archives down 8th Street, circa 1960; view of Market Square and the Naval Memorial today. (Left from: Carol M. Highsmith, Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street [Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1988]; Right: Photo by Karin Bishop) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2f7262f1-4f58-4eb1-a38b-98c712f2ea33/956c08_ceff85ff7a444f798471ba9cfc64d25f_mv2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW Current condition of Pennsylvania Avenue street trees. Many of the street trees have overgrown their surrounding custom tree grates, and such constriction has negatively impacted the trees' health. In eight cases, unhealthy trees have been removed and only stumps remain. Photo by Karina Bishop. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/3a15cfd7-1a0f-46d2-8053-f8c606144316/956c08_4966f258f2f542368f178989ed2e2a8e_mv2_d_2448_3264_s_4_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW View of existing vegetation. Photo by Karina Bishop. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/1ec77f6d-599f-42af-85d9-ccbeba06df66/956c08_036f3d4fa5c34896b8c197d5055329e8_mv2_d_2448_2448_s_4_2.jpg Pennsylvania Avenue NW View of existing materials and vegetation. Photo by Karina Bishop. https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/virtual-events daily 0.75 2025-01-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/2581bfe6-6046-4e4b-98cc-6ab691ae16c2/Joint+headshots-01.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/b645f81a-29dc-4351-ad77-b16adf5683a3/Event+image-01.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/16a04389-67ec-45aa-8003-8fb33a5186b6/cultural+landscapes+graphic_Montage.png https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/hickory-ridge daily 0.75 2025-01-07 https://www.cultural-landscapes.org/symposium daily 0.75 2025-01-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/861386ec-f4e5-424b-8b74-958f7799cf85/Roberts_official+profile.JPG https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6140e3c6390abd159b410cb8/092ece84-a79f-4485-836c-6ed341257c1b/Melnick+head+shot.jpg